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Charter of the United Nations

WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS
DETERMINED

to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in
our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and 

to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth
of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of
nations large and small, and 

to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations
arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be
maintained, and 

to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, 

AND FOR THESE ENDS

to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good
neighbours, and 

to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and 

to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods,
that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and 

to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic
and social advancement of all peoples, 

HAVE RESOLED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO
ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS

Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives
assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full
powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present
Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international
organization to be known as the United Nations. 

CHAPTER I

PURPOSES AND PRINCIPLES

Article 1

The Purposes of the United Nations are: 1. To maintain international
peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures
for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the
suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to
bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of
justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international
disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace; 

2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the
principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take
other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace; 

3. To achieve international co-operation in solving international
problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and
in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for
fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex,
language, or religion; and 

4. To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment
of these common ends. 

Article 2

The Organization and its Members, in pursuit of the Purposes stated in
Article 1, shall act in accordance with the following Principles. 

1. The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of
all its Members. 

2. All Members, in order to ensure to a of them the rights and benefits
resulting from membership, shall fulfil in good faith the obligations
assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter. 

3. All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful
means in such a manner that international peace and security, and.
justice, are not endangered. 

4. All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the
threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political
independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the
Purposes of the United Nations. 

5. All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any
action it takes in accordance with the present Charter, and shall refrain
from giving assistance to any state against which the United Nations is
taking preventive or enforcement action. 

6. The Organization shall ensure that states which are not Members of
the United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may
be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security. 

7. Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United
Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic
jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such
matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall
not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter
VII. 

CHAPTER II

MEMBERSHIP

Article 3

The original Members of the United Nations shall be the states which,
having participated in the United Nations Conference on International
Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the
Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present
Charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110. 

Article 4

1. Membership in the United Nations is open to a other peace-loving
states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and,
in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out
these obligations. 

2. The admission of any such state to membership in the Nations will be
effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the
recommendation of the Security Council. 

Article 5

A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or
enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be
suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership
by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security
Council. The exercise of these rights and privileges may be restored by
the Security Council. 

Article 6

A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the
Principles contained in the present Charter may be' expelled from the
Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the
Security Council. 

CHAPTER III

ORGANS

Article 7

1. There are established as the principal organs of the United Nations: a
General Assembly, a Security Council, an Economic and Social Council,
a Trusteeship Council, an International Court of Justice, and a
Secretariat. 

2. Such subsidiary organs as may be found necessary may be established
in accordance with the present Charter. 

Article 8

The United Nations shall place no restrictions on the eligibility of men
and women to participate in any capacity and under conditions of
equality in its principal and subsidiary organs. 

CHAPTER IV

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

Composition

Article 9

1. The General Assembly shall consist of all the Members of the United
Nations. 2. Each Member shall have not more than five representatives
in the General Assembly. 

Functions and Powers

Article 10

The General Assembly may discuss any questions or any matters within
the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functions
of any organs provided for in the present Charter, and, except as
provided in Article 12, may make recommendations to the Members of
the United Nations or to the Security Council or to both on any such
questions or matters. 

Article 11

1. The General Assembly may consider the general principles of
co-operation in the maintenance of international peace and security,
including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of
armaments, and may make recommendations with regard to such
principles to the Members or to the Security Council or to both. 

2. The General Assembly may discuss any questions relating to the
maintenance of inter- national peace and security brought before it by
any Member of the United Nations, or by the Security Council, or by a
state which is not a Member of the United Nations in accordance with
Article 35, paragraph 2, and, except as provided in Article 12, may make
recommendations with regard to any such questions to the state or states
concerned or to the Security Council or to both. Any such question on
which action is necessary shall be referred to the Security Council by the
General Assembly either before or after discussion. 

3. The General Assembly may call the attention of the Security Council
to situations which are likely to endanger international peace and
security. 

4. The powers of the General Assembly set forth in this Article shall not
limit the general scope of Article 10. 

Article 12

1. While the Security Council is exercising in respect of any dispute or
situation the functions assigned to it in the present Charter, the General
Assembly shall not make any recommendation with regard to that
dispute or situation unless the Security Council so requests. 

2. The Secretary-General, with the consent of the Security Council, shall
notify the General Assembly at each session of any matters relative to
the maintenance of international peace and security which are being dealt
with by the Security Council and similarly notify the General Assembly,
or the Members of the United Nations if the General Assembly is not in
session, immediately the Security Council ceases to deal with such
matters. 

Article 13

1. The General Assembly shall initiate studies and make
recommendations for the purpose of: 

a. promoting international co-operation in the political field and
encouraging the progressive development of international law and its
codification; 

b. promoting international co-operation in the economic, social,
cultural, educational, and health fields, an assisting in the realization of
human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to
race, sex, language, or religion. 

2. The further responsibilities, functions and powers of the General with
respect to matters mentioned in paragraph ) above are set forth in
Chapters IX and X. 

Article 14

Subject to the provisions of Article 12, the General Assembly may
recommend measures for the peaceful adjustment of any situation,
regardless of origin, which it deems likely to impair the general welfare
or friendly relations among nations, including situations resulting from a
violation of the provisions of the present Charter setting forth the
Purposes and Principles of the United Nations. 

Article 15

1. The General Assembly shall receive and consider annual and special
reports from the Security Council; these reports shall include an account
of the measures that the Security Council has decided upon or taken to
main- tain international peace and security. 

2. The General Assembly shall receive and consider reports from the
other organs of the United Nations. 

Article 16

The General Assembly shall perform such functions with respect to the
international trusteeship system as are assigned to it under Chapters XII
and XIII, including the approval of the trusteeship agreements for areas
not designated as strategic. 

Article 17

1. The Genera Assembly shall consider and approve the budget of the
Organization. 

2. The expenses of the Organization shall be borne by the Members as
apportioned by the General Assembly. 

3. The Assembly shall consider and approve any financial and budgetary
arrangements with specialize agencies referred to in Article 57 and shall
examine the administrative budgets of such specialized agencies with a
view to making recommendations to the agencies concerned. 

Voting

Article 18

1. Each member of the General Assembly shall have one vote. 

2. Decisions of the General Assembly on important questions shall be
made by a two- thirds majority of the members present and voting.
These questions shall include: recommendations with respect to the
maintenance of international peace and security, the election of the
non-permanent members of the Security Council, the election of the
members of the Economic and Social Council, the election of members
of the Trusteeship Council in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 86,
the admission of new Members to the United Nations, the suspension of
the rights and privileges of membership, the expulsion of Members,
questions relating to the operation of the trusteeship system, and
budgetary questions. 

3. Decisions on other questions, including the determination of
additional categories of questions to be decided by a two-thirds
majority, shall be made by a majority of the members present and voting.

Article 19

A Member of the United Nations which is in arrears in the payment of
its financial contributions to the Organization shall have no vote in the
General Assembly if the amount of its arrears equals or exceeds the
amount of the contributions due from it for the preceding two full years.
The General Assembly may, nevertheless, permit such a Member to vote
if it is satisfied that the failure to pay is due to conditions beyond the of
the Member. 

Procedure

Article 20

The General Assembly shall meet in regular annual sessions and in such
special sessions as occasion may require. Special sessions shall be
convoked by the Secretary-General at the request of the Security
Council or of a majority of the Members of the United Nations. 

Article 21

The General Assembly shall adopt its own rules of procedure. It shall
elect its President for each session. 

Article 22

The General Assembly may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems
necessary for the performance of its functions. 

CHAPTER V

THE SECURITY COUNCIL

Composition

Article 23

1. The Security Council shall consist of fifteen Members of the United
Nations. The Republic of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist ,
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the
United States of America shall be permanent members of the Security
Council. The General Assembly shall elect ten other Members of the
United Nations to be non-permanent members of the Security Council,
due regard being specially paid, in the first in- stance to the contribution
of Members of the United Nations to the maintenance of inter- national
peace and security and to the other purposes of the Organization, and also
to equitable geographical distribution. 

2. The non-permanent members of the Security Council shall be elected
for a term of two years. In the first election of the non- permanent
members after the increase of the membership of the Security Council
from eleven to fifteen, two of the four additional members shall be
chosen for a term of one year. A retiring member shall not be eligible
for immediate re-election. 

3. Each member of the Security Council shall have one representative. 

Functions and Powers

Article 24

1. In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations,
its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for
the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that in
carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts
on their behalf. 

2. In discharging these duties the Security Council shall act in accordance
with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations. The specific
powers granted to the Security Council for the discharge of these duties
are laid down in Chapters VI, VII, VIII, and XII. 

3. The Security Council shall submit annual and, when necessary, special
reports to the General Assembly for its consideration. 

Article 25

The Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the
decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the present Charter.

Article 26

In order to promote the establishment and maintenance of international
peace and security with the least diversion for armaments of the world's
human and economic resources, the Security Council shall be responsible
for formulating, with the assistance of the Military Staff Committee
referred to in Article 47, plans to be submitted to the Members of the
United-Nations for the establishment of a system for the regulation of
armaments. 

Voting

Article 27

1. Each member of the Security Council shall have one vote. 

2. Decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made
by an affirmative vote of nine members. 

3. Decisions of the Security Council on all other matters shall be made
by an affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring votes
of the permanent members; provided that, in decisions under Chapter VI,
and under paragraph 3 of Article 52, a party to a dispute shall abstain
from voting. 

Procedure

Article 28

1. The Security Council shall be so organized as to be able to function
continuously. Each member of the Security Council shall for this
purpose be represented at times at the seat of the Organization. 

2. The Security Council shall hold meetings at which each of its
members may, if it so desires, be represented by a member of the
government or by some other specially designated representative. 

3. The Security Council may hold meetings at such places other than the
seat of the Organization as in its judgment will best facilitate its work. 

Article 29

The Security Council may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems
necessary for the performance of its functions. 

Article 30

The Security Council shall adopt its own rules of procedure, including
the method of selecting its President. 

Article 31

Any Member of the United Nations which is not a member of the
Security Council may participate, without vote, in the discussion of any
question brought before the Security Council whenever the latter
considers that the interests of that Member are specially affected. 

Article 32

Any Member of the United Nations which is not a member of the
Security Council or any state which is not a Member of the United
Nations, if it is a party to a dispute under consideration by the Security
Council, shall be invited to participate, without vote, in the discussion
relating to the dispute. The Security Council shall any down such
conditions as it deems just for the participation of a state which is not a
Member of the United Nations. 

CHAPTER VI

PACIFIC SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES

Article 33

1. The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to
endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first
of a, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation,
arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or
arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice. 

2. The Security Council shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the
parties to settle their dispute by such means. 

Article 34

The Security Council may investigate any dispute, or any situation which
might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute, in order to
determine whether the continuance of the dispute or situation is likely to
endanger the maintenance of international peace and security. 

Article 35

l. Any Member of the United Nations may bring any dispute, ~r any
situation of the nature referred to in Article 34, to the attention of the
Security Council or of the General Assembly. 

2. A state which is not a Member of the United Nations may bring to the
attention of the Security Council or of the General Assembly any dispute
to which it is a party if it accepts in advance, for the purposes of the
dispute, the obligations of pacific settlement provided in the present
Charter. 

3. The proceedings of the General Assembly in respect of matters
brought to its attention under this Article will be subject to the
provisions of Articles 11 and 12. 

Article 36

1. The Security Council may, at any stage of a dispute of the nature
referred to in Article 33 or of a situation of like nature, recommend
appropriate procedures or methods of adjustment. 

2. The Security Council should take into consideration any procedures
for the settlement of the dispute which have already been adopted by the
parties. 

3. In making recommendations under this Article the Security Council
should also take into consideration that legal disputes should as a general
rule be referred by the parties to the International Court of Justice in
accordance with the provisions of the Statute of the Court. 

Article 37

1. Should the parties to a dispute of the nature referred to in Article 33
fail to settle it by the means indicated in that Article, they shall refer it
to the Security Council. 

2. If the Security Council deems that the continuance of the dispute is in
fact likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and
security, it shall decide whether to take action under Article 36 or to
recommend such terms of settlement as it may consider appropriate. 

Article 38

Without prejudice to the provisions of Articles 33 to 37, the Security
Council may, if all the parties to any dispute so request, make
recommendations to the parties with a view to a pacific settlement of the
dispute. 

CHAPTER VII

ACTION WITH RESPECT TO THREATS TO THE
PEACE, BREACHES OF THE PEACE, AND ACTS OF
AGGRESSION

Article 39

The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the
peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make
recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance
with Articles 4 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and
security. 

Article 40

In order to prevent an aggravation of the situation, the Security Council
may, before making the recommendations or deciding upon the measures
provided for in Article 39, call upon the parties concerned to comply
with such provisional measures as it deems necessary or desirable. Such
provisional measures shall be without prejudice to the rights, claims, or
position of the parties concerned. The Security Council shall duly take
account of failure to comply with such provisional measures. 

Article 41

The Security Council may decide what measures not involving the use of
armed force are to be employed to give effect to its decisions, and it may
call upon the Members of the United Nations to apply such measures.
These may include complete or partial interruption of economic
relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means
of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations. 

Article 42

Should the Security Council consider that measures provided for in
Article 41 would be inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it may
take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to
maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may
include demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or
land forces of Members of the United Nations. 

Article 43

1. All Members of the United Nations, in order to contribute to the
maintenance of international peace and security, undertake to make
available to the Security Council, on its and in accordance with a special
agreement or agreements, armed forces, assistance, and facilities,
including rights of passage, necessary for the purpose of maintaining
international peace and security. 

2. Such agreement or agreements shall govern the numbers and types of
forces, their degree of readiness and general location, and the nature of
the facilities and assistance to be provided. 

3. The agreement or agreements shall be negotiated as soon as possible
on the initiative of the Security Council. They shall be concluded
between the Security Council and Members or between the Security
Council and groups of Members and shall be subject to ratification by
the signatory states in accordance with their respective constitutional
processes. 

Article 44

When Security Council has decided to use force it shall, before calling
upon a Member not represented on it to provide armed forces in
fulfilment of the obligations assumed under Article 43, invite that
Member, if the Member so desires, to participate in the decisions of the
Security Council concerning the employment of contingents of that
Member's armed forces. 

Article 45

In order to enable the Nations to take urgent military measures,
Members shall hold immediately available national air-force
contingents for combined international enforcement action. The strength
and degree of readiness of these contingents and plans for their combined
action shall be determined, within the limits laid down in the special
agreement or agreements referred to in Article 43, by the Security
Council with the assistance of the Military Committee. 

Article 46

Plans for the application of armed force shall be made by the Security
Council with the assistance of the Military Staff Committee. 

Article 47

1. There shall be established a Military Staff Committee to advise and
assist the Security Council on questions relating to the Security
Council's military requirements for the maintenance of international
peace and security, the employment and command of forces placed at its
disposal, the regulation of armaments, and possible disarmament. 

2. The Military Staff Committee consist of the Chiefs of Staff of the
permanent members of the Security Council or their representatives.
Any Member of the United Nations not permanently represented on the
Committee shall be invited by the Committee to be associated with it
when the efficient discharge of the Committee's responsibilities re-
quires the participation of that Member its work. 

3. The Military Staff Committee be responsible under the Security
Council for the strategic direction of any armed forces paced at the
disposal of the Security Council. Questions relating to the command of
such forces shall be worked out subsequently. 

4. The Military Staff Committee, with the authorization of the security
Council and after consultation with appropriate regional agencies, may
establish sub-commit- tees. 

Article 48

1. The action required to carry out the decisions of the Security Council
for the maintenance of international peace and security shall be taken by
all the Members of the United Nations or by some of them, as the
Security Council may determine. 

2. Such decisions shall be carried out by the Members of the United
Nations directly and through their action in the appropriate international
agencies of which they are members. 

Article 49

The Members of the United Nations shall join in affording mutual
assistance in carrying out the measures decided upon by the Security
Council. 

Article 50

If preventive or enforcement measures against any state are taken by the
Security Council, any other state, whether a Member of the United
Nations or not, which finds itself confronted with special economic
problems arising from the carrying out of those measures shall have the
right to consult the Security Council with regard to a solution of those
problems. 

Article 51 Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right
of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against
a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken
measures necessary to maintain international peace and security.
Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defence
shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in
any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council
under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems
necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.

CHAPTER VIII

REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

Article 52

1. Nothing in the present Charter the existence of regional arrangements
or agencies for dealing with such matters relating to the maintenance of
international peace and security as are appropriate fur regional action,
provided that such arrangements or agencies and their activities are
consistent with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations. 

2. The Members of the United Nations entering into such arrangements
or constituting such agencies shall make every effort to achieve pacific
settlement of local disputes through such regional arrangements or by
such regional agencies before referring them to the Security Council. 

3. The Security Council shall encourage the development of pacific
settlement of local disputes through such regional arrangements or by
such regional agencies either on the initiative of the states concerned or
by reference from the Security Council. 

4. This Article in no way the application of Articles 34 and 35. 

Article 53

1. The Security Council shall, where appropriate, utilize such regional
arrangements or agencies for enforcement action under its authority. But
no enforcement action shall be taken under regional arrangements or by
regional agencies without the authorization of the Security Council, with
the exception of measures against any enemy state, as defined in
paragraph 2 of this Article, provided for pursuant to Article 107 or in
regional arrangements directed against renewal of aggressive policy on
the part of any such state, until such time as the Organization may, on
request of the Governments concerned, be charged with the
responsibility for preventing further aggression by such a state. 

2. The term enemy state as used in para- graph 1 of this Article applies
to any state which during the Second World War has been an enemy of
any signatory of the present Charter. 

Article 54

The Security Council shall at all times be kept fully informed of
activities undertaken or in contemplation under regional arrangements or
by regional agencies for the maintenance of international peace and
security. 

CHAPTER IX

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
CO-OPERATION

Article 55

With a view to the creation of conditions of stability and well-being
which are necessary for peaceful and friendly relations among nations
based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination
of peoples, the United Nations shall promote: 

a. higher standards of living, fu employment, and conditions of economic
and social progress and development; 

b. solutions of international economic, social, health, and related
problems; and international cultural and educational co- operation; and 

c. universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and
fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex,
language, or religion. 

Article 56

All Members pledge themselves to take joint and separate action in
co-operation with the Organization for the achievement of the purposes
set forth in Article 55. 

Article 57

1. The various specialized agencies, established by intergovernmental
agreement and having wide international responsibilities, as defined in
their basic instruments, in economic, social, cultural, educational, health,
and related fields, shall be brought into relationship with the United
Nations in accordance with the provisions of Article 63. 

2. Such agencies thus brought into relationship with the United Nations
are hereinafter referred to as specialized agencies. 

Article 58

The Organization shall make recommendations for the co-ordination of
the policies and activities of the specialized agencies. 

Article 59

The Organization shall, where appropriate, initiate negotiations among
the states concerned for the creation of any new specialized agencies
required for the accomplishment of the purposes set forth in Article 55. 

Article 60

Responsibility for the discharge of the functions of the Organization set
forth in this Chapter shall be vested in the General Assembly and, under
the authority of the General Assembly, in the Economic and Social
Council, which shall have for this purpose the powers set forth in
Chapter X. 

CHAPTER X

THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

Composition

Article 61

1. The Economic and Social Council shall consist of fifty-four Members
of the United Nations elected by the General Assembly. 

2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 3, eighteen members of the
Economic and Social Council shall be elected each year for a term of
three years. A retiring member shall be eligible for immediate
re-election. 

3. At the first election after the increase in the membership of the
Economic and Social Council from twenty-seven to fifty-four
members, in addition to the members elected in place of the nine
members whose term of office expires at the end of that year,
twenty-seven additional members shall be elected. Of these
twenty-seven additional members, the term of office of nine members
so elected shall expire at the end of one year, and of nine other members
at the end of two years, in accordance with arrangements made by the
General Assembly. 

4. Each member of the Economic and Social Council shall have one
representative. 

Functions and Powers

Article 62

1. The Economic and Social Council may make or initiate studies and
reports with respect to international economic, social, cultural,
educational, health, and related matters and may make recommendations
with respect to any such matters to the General Assembly, to the
Members of the United Nations, and to the specialized agencies
concerned. 

2. It may make recommendations for the purpose of promoting respect
for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all. 

3. It may prepare draft conventions for submission to the General
Assembly, with respect to matters falling within its competence. 

4. It may call, in accordance with the rules prescribed by the United
Nations, international conferences on matters falling within its
competence. 

Article 63

1. The Economic and Social Council may enter into agreements with any
of the agencies referred to in Article 57, defining the terms on which the
agency concerned shall be brought into relationship with the United
Nations. Such agreements shall be subject to approval by the General
Assembly. 

2. It may co-ordinate the activities of the specialized agencies through
consultation with and recommendations to such agencies and through
recommendations to the General Assembly and to the Members of the
United Nations. 

Article 64

1. The Economic and Social Council may take appropriate steps to obtain
regular re- ports from the specialized agencies. may make arrangements
with the Members of the United Nations and with the specialized
agencies to obtain reports on the steps taken to give effect to its own
recommendations and to recommendations on matters falling within its
competence made by the General Assembly. 

2. It may communicate its observations on these reports to the General
Assembly. 

Article 65

The Economic and Social Council may furnish information to the
Security Council and shall assist the Security Council upon its request. 

Article 66

1. The Economic and Social Council shall perform such functions as fall
within its competence in connexion with the carrying out of the
recommendations of the General Assembly. 

2. It may, with the approval of the General Assembly, perform services
at the request of Members of the United Nations and at the request of
specialized agencies. 

3. It shall perform such other functions as are specified elsewhere in the
present Charter or as may be assigned to it by the General Assembly. 

Voting

Article 67

1. Each member of the Economic and Social Council shall have one vote.

2. Decisions of the Economic and Social Council shall be made by a
majority of the members present and voting. 

Procedure

Article 68

The Economic and Social Council shall set up commissions in economic
and social fields and for the promotion of human rights, and such other
commissions as may for the performance of its functions. 

Article 69

The Economic and Social Council shall invite any Member of the United
Nations to participate, without vote, in its deliberations on any matter of
particular concern to that Member. 

Article 70

The Economic and Social Council may make arrangements for
representatives of the specialized agencies to participate, without vote, in
its deliberations and in those of the commissions established by it, and
for its representatives to participate in the deliberations of the
specialized agencies. 

Article 71

The Economic and Social Council may make suitable arrangements for
consultation with non-governmental organizations which are concerned
with matters within its competence. Such arrangements may be made
with international organizations and, where appropriate, with national
organizations after consultation with the Member of the United Nations
concerned. 

Article 72

1. The Economic and Social Council shall adopt its own rules of
procedure, including the method of selecting its President. 

2. The Economic and Social Council shall meet as required in accordance
with its rules, which shall include provision for the convening of
meetings on the request of a majority of its members. 

CHAPTER XI

DECLARATION REGARDING
NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES

Article 73

Members of the United Nations which have or assume responsibilities
for the administration of territories whose peoples have not yet attained
a full measure of self-government recognize the principle that the
interests of the inhabitants of these territories are paramount, and accept
as a sacred trust the obligation to promote to the utmost, within the
system of international peace and security established by the present
Charter, the well- being of the inhabitants of these territories, and, to
this end: 

a. to ensure, with due respect for the culture of the peoples concerned,
their political, economic, social, and educational advancement, their just
treatment, and their protection against abuses; 

b. to develop self-government, to take due account of the political
aspirations of the peoples, and to assist them in the progressive
development of their free political institutions, according to the
particular circumstances of each territory and its peoples and their
varying stages of advancement; 

c. to further international peace and security; 

d. to promote constructive measures of development, to encourage
research, and to co-operate with one another and, when and where
appropriate, with specialized international bodies with a view to the
practical achievement of the social, eco- nomic, and scientific purposes
set forth in this Article; and 

e. to transmit regularly to the Secretary- General for information
purposes, subject to such limitation as security and constitutional
considerations may require, statistical and other information of a
technical nature relating to economic, social, and educational conditions
in the territories for which they are respectively responsible other than
those territories to which Chapters XII and XIII apply. 

Article 74

Members of the United Nations also agree that their policy in respect of
the territories to which this Chapter applies, no less than in respect of
their metropolitan areas, must be based on the general principle of
good-neigh-bourliness, due account being taken of the interests and
well-being of the rest of the world, in social, economic, and commercial
matters. 

CHAPTER XII

INTERNATIONAL TRUSTEESHIP SYSTEM

Article 75

The United Nations shall establish under its authority an international
trusteeship system for the administration and supervision of such
territories as may be placed thereunder by subsequent individual
agreements. These territories are hereinafter referred to as trust
territories. 

Article 76

The basic objectives of the trusteeship system, in accordance with the
Purposes of the United Nations laid down in Article 1 of the present
Charter, shall be: 

a. to further international peace and security; 

b. to promote the political, economic, social, and educational
advancement of the inhabitants of the trust territories, and their
progressive development towards self-government or independence as
may be appropriate to the particular circumstances of each territory and
its peoples and the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned, and
as may be provided by the terms of each trusteeship agreement; 

c. to encourage respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms
for all with- out : as to race, sex, language, or religion, and to encourage
recognition of the interdependence of the peoples of the world; and 

d. to ensure equal treatment in social, economic, and commercial matters
for all Members of the United Nations and their , and also equal
treatment for the latter in the administration of justice, with- out
prejudice to the attainment of the fore- going objectives and subject to
the provisions of Article 80. 

Article 77

1. The trusteeship system shall apply to such territories in the following
categories as may be placed thereunder by means of trusteeship
agreements: 

a. territories now held under mandate; 

b. territories which may be detached from enemy states as a result of the
Second World War; and 

c. territories voluntarily placed under the system by states responsible
for their administration. 

2. It will be a matter for subsequent agreement as to which territories in
the foregoing categories will be brought under the trustee- ship system
and upon what terms. 

Article 78

The trusteeship system shall not apply to territories which have become
Members of the United Nations, relationship among which shall be
based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality. 

Article 79

The terms of trusteeship for each territory to be placed under the
trusteeship system, including any alteration or amendment, shall be
agreed upon by the states directly concerned, including the mandatory
power in the case of territories held under mandate by a Member of the
United Nations, and shall be approved as provided for in Articles 83 and
85. 

Article 80

1. Except as may be agreed upon in individual trusteeship agreements,
made under Articles 77, 79, and 81, placing each territory under the
trusteeship system, and until such agreements have been concluded,
nothing in this Chapter shall be construed in or of itself to alter in any
manner the rights whatsoever of any states or any peoples or the terms of
existing international instruments to which Members of the United
Nations may respectively be parties. 

2. Paragraph 1 of this Article shall not be interpreted as giving grounds
for delay or postponement of the negotiation and conclusion of
agreements for placing mandated and other territories under the
trusteeship system as provided for in Article 77. 

Article 81

The trusteeship agreement shall in each case include the terms under
which the trust territory will be administered and designate the authority
which will exercise the administration of the trust territory. Such
authority, hereinafter called the administering authority, may be one or
more states or the Organization itself. 

Article 82

There may be designated, in any trusteeship agreement, a strategic area
or areas which may include part or all of the trust territory to which the
agreement applies, without prejudice to any special agreement or
agreements made under Article 43. 

Article 83

1. All functions of the United Nations relating to strategic areas,
including the approval of the terms of the trusteeship agreements and of
their alteration or amendment, shall be exercised by the Security
Council. 

2. he basic objectives set forth in Article 76 shall be applicable to the
people of each strategic area. 43 3. The Security Council shall, subject to
the provisions of the trusteeship agreements and without prejudice to
security considerations, avail itself of the assistance of the Trusteeship
Council to perform those functions of the United Nations under the
trusteeship system relating to political, economic, social, and educational
matters in the strategic areas. 

Article 84

It shall be the duty of the administering authority to ensure that the trust
territory shall play its part in the maintenance of international peace and
security. To this end the administering authority may make use of
volunteer forces, facilities, and assistance from the trust territory in
carrying out the obligations towards the Security Council undertaken in
this regard by the administering authority, as well as for local defence
and the maintenance of law and order within the trust territory. 

Article 85

1. The functions of the United Nations with regard to trusteeship
agreements for all areas not designated as strategic, including the
approval of the terms of the trusteeship agreements and of their
alteration or amendment, shall be exercised by the General Assembly. 

2. The Trusteeship Council, operating under the authority of the General
Assembly, shall assist the General Assembly in carrying out these
functions. 

CHAPTER XIII

THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL

Composition

Article 86 1. The Trusteeship Council shall consist of the following
Members of the United Nations: 

a. those Members administering trust territories; 

b. such of those Members mentioned by name in Article 23 as are not
administering trust territories; and 

c. as many other Members elected for three-year terms by the General
Assembly as may be necessary to ensure that the total number of
members of the Trusteeship Council is equally divided between those
Members of the United Nations which ad- minister trust territories and
those which do not. 

2. Each member of the Trusteeship Council shall designate one specially
qualified person to represent it therein. 

Functions and Powers

Article 87

The General Assembly and, under its authority, the Trusteeship Council,
in carrying out their functions, may: 

a. consider reports submitted by the ad- ministering authority; 

b. accept petitions and examine them in consultation with the
administering authority; 

c. provide for periodic visits to the respective trust territories at times
agreed upon with the administering authority; and 

d. take these and other actions in conformity with the terms of the
trusteeship agreements. 

Article 88

The Trusteeship Council shall formulate a questionnaire on the political,
economic, social, and educational advancement of the inhabitants of each
trust territory, and the administering authority for each trust territory
within the competence of the General Assembly shall make an annual
report to the General Assembly upon the basis of such questionnaire. 

Voting

Article 89

1. Each member of the Trusteeship Council shall have one vote. 

2. Decisions of the Trusteeship Council shall be made by a majority of
the members present and voting. 

Procedure

Article 90

1. The Trusteeship Council shall adopt its own rules of procedure,
including the method of selecting its President. 

2. The Trusteeship Council shall meet as required in accordance with its
rules, which shall include provision for the convening of meetings on the
request of a majority of its members. 

Article 91

The Trusteeship Council shall, when appropriate, avail itself of the
assistance of the Economic and Social Council and of the specialized
agencies in regard to matters with which they are respectively concerned.

CHAPTER XIV

THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

Article 92

The International Court of Justice shall be the principal judicial organ of
the United Nations. It shall function in accordance with the annexed
Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Permanent Court of
International Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter. 

Article 93

1. All Members of the United Nations are facto parties to the Statute of
the International Court of Justice. 

2. A state which is not ~ of the United Nations may become a party to
the Statute of the International Court of Justice on to be determined in
each case by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the
Security Council. 

Article 94

1. Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to comply with the
decision of the International Court of Justice in any case to which it is a
party. 

2. If any party to a case fails to perform the obligations incumbent upon
it under a judgment rendered by the Court, the other party may have
recourse to the Security Council, which may, if it deems necessary, make
recommendations or decide upon measures to be taken to give to the
judgment. 

Article 95

Nothing in the present Charter shall prevent Members of the United
Nations from entrusting the solution of their differences to other
tribunals by virtue of agreements already in existence or which may be
concluded in the future. 

Article 96

1. The General Assembly or the Security Council may request the
International Court of Justice to give an advisory opinion on any legal
question. 

2. Other organs of the United Nations and specialized agencies, which
may at any time be so authorized by the General Assembly, may also
request advisory opinions of the Court on legal questions arising within
the scope of their activities. 

CHAPTER XV

THE SECRETARIAT

Article 97

The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary- General and such staff as the
Organization may require. The Secretary-General shall be appointed by
the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security
Council. He shall be the chief administrative officer of the Organization.

Article 98

The Secretary-General shall act in that capacity in all meetings of the
General Assembly, of the Security Council, of the Economic and Social
Council, and of the Trusteeship Council, and shall perform such other
functions as are entrusted to him by these organs. The Secretary-General
shall make an annual report to the General Assembly on the work of the
Organization. 

Article 99

The Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the Security
Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance
of international peace and security. 

Article 100

1. In the performance of their duties the Secretary-General and the staff
shall not seek or receive instructions from any government or from any
other authority externa to the Organization. They shall refrain from any
action which might on their position as international officials
responsible only to the Organization. 

2. Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to respect the
exclusively inter- national character of the responsibilities of the
Secretary-General and the staff and not to seek to influence them in the
discharge of their responsibilities. 

Article 101

1. The staff shall be appointed by the Secretary-General under
regulations established by the General Assembly. 

2. Appropriate staffs shall be permanently assigned to the Economic and
Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, and, as required, to other organs
of the United Nations. These staffs shall form a part of the Secretariat. 

3. The paramount consideration in the employment of the staff and in the
determination of the conditions of service shall be the necessity of
securing the highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity.
Due regard shall be paid to the importance of recruiting the staff on as
wide a geographical basis as possible. 

CHAPTER XVI

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Article 102

1. Every treaty and every international agreement entered into by any
Member of the United Nations after the present Charter comes into force
shall as soon as possible be registered with the Secretariat and published
by it. 

2. No party to any such treaty or international agreement which has not
been registered in accordance with the provisions of paragraph I of this
Article may invoke that treaty or agreement before any organ of the
United Nations. 

Article 103

In the event of a conflict between the obligations of the Members of the
United Nations under the present Charter and their obligations under any
other international agreement, their obligations under the present
Charter shall prevail. 

Article 104

The Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each of its Members such
legal capacity as may be necessary for the exercise of its functions and
the fulfilment of its purposes. 

Article 105

1. The Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each of its Members
such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the fulfilment of its
purposes. 

2. Representatives of the Members of the United Nations and officials of
the Organization shall similarly enjoy such privileges and immunities as
are necessary for the independent exercise of their functions in
connexion with the Organization. 

3. The General Assembly may make recommendations with a view to
determining the details of the application of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this
Article or may propose conventions to the Members of the United
Nations for this purpose. 

CHAPTER XVII

TRANSITIONAL SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS

Article 106

Pending the coming into force of such special agreements referred to in
Article 43 as in the opinion of the Security Council enable it to begin the
exercise of its responsibilities under Article 42, the parties to the
Four-Nation Declaration, signed at Moscow, 30 October 1943, and
France, shall, in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 5 of that
Declaration, consult with one another and as occasion requires with other
Members of the United Nations with a view to such joint action on
behalf of the Organization as may be necessary for the purpose of
maintaining international peace and security. 

Article 107 Nothing in the present Charter shall in- validate or preclude
action, in relation to any state which during the Second World War has
been an enemy of any signatory to the present Charter, taken or
authorized as a result of that war by the Governments having
responsibility for such action. 

CHAPTER XVIII

AMENDMENTS

Article 108

Amendments to the present Charter shall come into force for all
Members of the United Nations when they have been adopted by a vote
of two thirds of the members of the General Assembly and ratified in
accordance with their respective constitutional processes by two thirds of
the Members of the United Nations, including all the permanent
members of the Security Council. 

Article 109

1. A General Conference of the Members of the United Nations for the
purpose of reviewing the present Charter may be held at a date and place
to be fixed by a two-thirds vote of the members of the General
Assembly and by a vote of any nine members of the Security Council.
Each Member of the United Nations shall have one vote in the
conference. 

2. Any alteration of the present Charter recommended by a two-thirds
vote of the conference shall take effect when ratified in accordance with
their respective constitutional processes by two thirds of the Members of
the United Nations including the permanent members of the Security
Council. 

3. If such a conference has not been held before the tenth annual session
of the General Assembly following the coming into force of the present
Charter, the proposal to call such a conference shall be placed on the
agenda of that session of the General Assembly, and the conference shall
be held if so decided by a majority vote of the members of the General
Assembly and by a vote of any seven members of the Security Council. 

CHAPTER XIX

RATIFICATION AND SIGNATURE

Article 110

1. The present Charter shall be ratified by the signatory states in
accordance with their respective constitutional processes. 

2. The shall be deposited with the Government of the Unite States of
America, which shall notify a the signatory states of each deposit as well
as the Secretary-General of the Organization when he has been
appointed. 

3. The present Charter shall come into force upon the deposit of by the
Republic of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist, the United
King- dom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States
of America, and by a majority of the other signatory states. A protocol of
the deposited shall thereupon be drawn up by the Government of the
United States of America which shall communicate copies thereof to all
the signa- tory states. 

4. The states signatory to the present Char- tear which ratify it after it
has come into force will become original Members of the United
Nations on the date of the deposit of their respective ratifications. 

Article 111

The present Charter, of which the Chinese, French, Russian, English, and
Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall remain deposited in the
archives of the Government of -the United States of America. Duly
certified copies thereof shall be transmitted by that Government to the
Governments of the other signatory states. 

IN FAITH WHEREOF the representatives of the Governments of the
United Nations have signed the present Charter. 

DONE at the city of San Francisco the twenty-sixth day of June, one
thousand nine hundred and forty-five. 

   Statute of the International Court of Justice 



This document was prepared for the Web by Luc Girardin, IUHEI 
This document is part of the HEIwww system 

    UNITED NATIONS IS JUST ANOTHER TAX DRAIN ON THE U.S.. Men and women
    getting paid from tax dollars to travel around the world while
    discussing nothing of value and producing nothing of value. These
    people are a drain all right. IMHO of course.
    
    ...Tom

    
    Just another drain?  Hmmmm...as a worldwide organization, do they
    drain clockwise or counter-clockwise?  Does a UN peacekeeper in
    Greenland drain in the opposite direction of a UN peacekeeper in
    Australia?
    
    Or does it just depend on the shape of the tub?
    
    
    
    
    Rob
    

    These people draining tax dollars do they use computers? Do they buy
    food? What isn't a tax drain or environment drain? Thats life man get
    used to it.
    
    Geeze I always thought that the U.N. was an organization that managed
    the affairs of a smallish group of war mongers. I guess I was wrong, it
    looks like they are all for peace and love and like, togetherness. Wow
    I am really waking up and smelling the coffee. 
    
    I copied the whole thing, 'cause I like the groovy lingo and like, the
    syntax.

    
      I believe today is the fiftieth anniversary.
    
      Happy Birthday, UN.
      Happy Bosnia, UN
      Happy Boutros-Boutros, United Nations.
      Happy birthday, UN.
    
      bb

Aren't these the people with the black helicopters?

    
    Blue/white, I imagine.  You can i.d. UN troops from the pale
    colors.  Also they are usually chained to bombing targets.
    
      bb

>Also they are usually chained to bombing targets.

The troops or the helicopters?

    you gotta be smart as a box of rocks to wear a powder blue helmet
    and ride in white vehicles in a combat zone....and I thought the
    medics had it bad with their red cross sighting targets on their sleeves,
    vehicles and tents!!!!
                                                    

    .9
    
    > you gotta be smart as a box of rocks to wear a powder blue helmet
    > and ride in white vehicles in a combat zone...
    
    Sort of like being a bovine with COW painted on your side during deer
    season, huh?

    I happened to channel surf to Rush today and liked a comment he had on
    this bunch:
    
    (paraphrased) If they can't control their peacekeeping forces, how are
    they going to be able to take over the world?
    

    
    	The UN... doesn't it sound like the organization that the US
    	continues to try to bully...?
    
    	Maybe there'll be another UN, 'headed' by a second super power
    	some day...?
    

>    (paraphrased) If they can't control their peacekeeping forces, how are
>    they going to be able to take over the world?

Daniel Schorr said pretty much the same thing on NPR the other day.

    >> (paraphrased) If they can't control their peacekeeping forces, how are
    >> they going to be able to take over the world?
    
    This is the primary reason that I'm ultimately not too concerned
    about this or most of the other various conspiracy theories.  Any
    kind of government endeavor just about anywhere is so riddled with
    incompetence that I don't give them enough credit to come marching
    down my street in a straight line to take away my right to shop
    at the Italian deli or whatever.
    
    I have great faith in human incompetence.
    
    Chris

Of course, the conspiratorialist's response would be that the UN's incompetence
is just a ploy.

The Trilateral Commission is behind the UN's incompetence.

    The problem is Congress legislating activity which conforms to
    UN ideals, but violates our Constitution.
    
    I don't think the UN, or the US will be marching down my street 
    either.  I just think we'll see the incidence of "no-knock" raids
    and strong arming individuals increase.  With the dumbing down of
    society, one will not be able to get relief via the court system
    either.  We're forked.  IMO.
    
    MadMike

>                         <<< Note 474.20 by LABC::RU >>>
>    Taiwan is desperate to join UN.

Why?

    China may settle for half a billion just to leave Taiwan alone.  The
    Commie Chinese could have marched into Hong Kong any time they wanted
    since WWII, yet they played by the rules of a treaty that was unfairly
    wrung out of them at gunpoint.  If you could get them to do a deal on
    Taiwan you may be safe for a hundred years.
    
    What's the point in putting yourselves under an oligarchical veto power
    in the UN?

    
      Under the UN charter, can China veto the admission of Taiwan ?
    
      bb

    .24
    
    I believe admission of a new member state is a matter for the General
    Assembly, not for the Security Council.  As such, admissions of new
    members are not subject to Security Council veto.

    The UN must be one great social club.

    
    ... with very expensive tastes....
    

    > Because Taiwan is under danger of been swallon by China.
                                             ^^^^^^^
    
    Why doesn't someone just put ice on it and wait for it to go down ?
    
    :-)
    Dan

    .28
    
    Jason Ru is clearly not a native speaker of English.  Have a little
    mercy.

    Oh come on,...... 
    I was kidding,.... I added the smiley !

    Jason, if I offended you I am sorry.

    Binder, lighten up!

    :-)
    Dan

    
    Howdy Jason Ru! How's life treating you?
    
    Don't suppose you remember me from my Pathworks days, do you?
    
    Wasn't I your project leader for a while?
    
    Anyway, I hope you're doing well... now back to your regularly
    scheduled soapbox dung fling...
    
    -b

Dung fling?  Is that when the Chinese leader gets tossed out?

    Naw, that's flung Dung.

    No, that's Dum Fling.

| <<< Note 474.35 by WAHOO::LEVESQUE "Mr Blister" >>>

| No, that's Dum Fling.

	No, that's the name for the new Hugh Grant movie on his life. :-)

from the U.N. Disarmament council
    
                  DC/2520
                  23 June 1995



DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE HEARS CALL BY SWITZERLAND FOR FRANCE
TO RECONSIDER ITS RESUMPTION OF NUCLEAR TESTS


  GENEVA,  22  June (UN  Information  Service)  --    The representative  of
Switzerland told the  Conference on Disarmament  this morning  expressed the
hope that French President Jacques Chirac would go  back on his decision  to
carry out  nuclear tests  in the  South Pacific  and that China,  too, would
renounce  future nuclear tests.   He suggested that an  opportune moment for
President Chirac to announce such a decision could  be during his next visit
to Geneva.

  He added  that  the resumption  of testing  could complicate  negotiations
towards a comprehensive test-ban  treaty and was also "morally incompatible"
with commitments undertaken at the Review  and Extension Conference for  the
Treaty on  the Non-proliferation  of Nuclear  Weapons (NPT).   The  decision
could also incite other  nuclear Powers to  take up testing again and  allow
threshold  States to  use  it  as a  pretext  to pursue  their  own  nuclear
ambitions.

  Austria, noting that no international war since 1945
had been  conducted using  nuclear, chemical  or biological weapons,  called
for the strengthening of the United  Nations Conventional Arms Register  and
suggested the elaboration of an international  convention on the curtailment
of the  arms trade to  impose restrictions on  certain weapons  due to their
extremely injurious consequences.

  Hungary  called  for  greater  political  will,  compromise  and   further
initiatives to  speed up  the  course  of negotiations  on a  universal  and
effectively verifiable comprehensive test-ban treaty, which would not  allow
nuclear explosions  on the pretext  of peaceful or exceptional circumstances
and would  avoid extending  the ban to  activities which  were difficult  or
impossible to verify.

  Spain recalled his country's active participation  in the ad hoc  group of
scientific experts'  meetings  on  international  cooperation  measures  for
detecting  and  identifying seismic  phenomena  which  provided it  with the
opportunity  to establish links for scientific cooperation.   However, Spain
as  a  non-member   of  the  Conference  was  therefore  participating   and
contributing financially to a body in which it  had no possibility of  being
involved  when it  came to  adopting  political  decisions.   This situation
should be rectified.

              -  -    Press Release DC/2520
                  23 June 1995

  Mexico  said that his  Government had  indicated to  nuclear weapon States
that the recent Chinese  test, the announcement by France to resume  testing
and the recent statement by an  American official concerning the possibility
of resuming  tests  did  not create  a propitious  climate  for the  ongoing
negotiations on  a comprehensive test-ban  treaty.   Mexico would do  all in
its power, as it  had in the  past, to continue its efforts  towards nuclear
non-proliferation.

  France, referring  to the statement  made by  Switzerland, reiterated that

its decision to carry out tests was a necessary one,  should have come as no
surprise  to  anyone,  and  was  in  conformity with  its  non-proliferation
responsibilities.  The resumption of tests  bore out France's commitment  to
the negotiations on a  comprehensive test-ban treaty and to the signing of a
Treaty in the autumn  of 1996.    France had never disguised  the fact  that
resumption of tests was an  open option and it would  continue fully to meet
its international obligations.

  Belgium supported Austria's appeal for all States to report  to the United
Nations  Registry of  Conventional  Weapons in  New  York and  said  it  was
unacceptable that  the Conference did not take up the matter of conventional
weapons.

  Australia,  referring  to  the statement  made  by  France  this  morning,
recalled  that the purpose of the  meeting held in Paris on  20 June between
the  French Government and representatives of the South Pacific Forum led by
an Australian Member  of Parliament had been  to protest the French decision
and request its reconsideration.  That request had been rejected.

  Also  this morning,  the Conference  accepted  a  request by  Swaziland to
participate in its work.

  Statements

  WINFRIED  LANG  (Austria) welcomed  the  results  of  the  NPT Review  and
Extension Conference  in New  York.   He expressed  disappointment over  the
fact that one of the nuclear weapon States  had conducted a further  nuclear
weapon test  recently and  that another  nuclear weapon  State had  publicly
announced  its intention  to give  up its  test moratorium  later this year,
albeit  with  the  declared  objective  of  then   being  able  to  sign   a
comprehensive test-ban  treaty in  1996.   Austria hoped  that these  events
would  not cause  any  delay in  the  on-going negotiations  and  urged  all
nuclear-weapon States to exercise maximum restraint.

  Existing  legal  restraints  on  the  use   of  conventional  weapons,  as
enshrined  for  example  in the  1980  Convention  on  Certain  Conventional
Weapons, were  imposed  for humanitarian  reasons  and  did not  affect  the
security  situation,  he   said.    Thus,  when  considering  restraints  on
conventional  weapons,  special   attention  had   to  be   paid  to   their
transboundary   movement,   particularly   towards   developing   countries.
Although after the end of the cold war such transfer agreements had  dropped
from $70  billion  in  1987 to  $31  billion  in  1993,  regional  conflicts
throughout  the  world  continued   to  fuel  trade  in  conventional  arms.
Therefore  an urgent need  existed for  the international  community to seek
remedies to that situation.

         The  United  Nations  Conventional  Arms  Register  served  as   an
appropriate starting  point, he went on.   However,  information on military
holdings  and procurement should  also be included in  the yearly reports of
Member States  to  the  Register. All  Member States  should  report to  the
Register,  to provide  all appropriate  information concerning  the  present
seven categories of  conventional weapons and useful background  information
on military holdings and procurement through  national production. As a next
step,  the  scope  of the  Register  should  be  widened  to  include  other
categories of conventional weapons.   In the long  run it should be possible
to transform the Register into a full "military capabilities" register.

  Commenting on a proposal  by the Commission on  Global Governance that  an
international  convention  on  the  curtailment  of  arms  trade  should  be
concluded,  he said such a convention could be developed into a full-fledged
regime.  On the one hand, its  scope could by broadened to  include military
holdings and on-site inspections after  its operation had been reviewed.  On
the other  hand, the  Convention on  Certain Conventional  Weapons could  be
linked to or incorporated  into this convention.  This regime would then not
only  deal with  the  quantitative aspects  of  arms control  but  also  its
qualitative   humanitarian   dimension.     The   appropriate  institutional

framework for the elaboration  of the legal instrument was the Conference on
Disarmament  and  its   ad  hoc  committee  on  transparency  in  armaments.
Therefore it should be re-established immediately in light  of how much time
had  already  been  lost  since  the  beginning  of  this  year's Conference
session.

  GYORGY BOYTHA (Hungary) said  that in light of the decisions taken by over
150 States  parties which had attended  the NPT Conference  in New York,  it
was obvious  that the most important task ahead consisted  in completing the
negotiations on a  universal and effectively verifiable comprehensive  test-
ban treaty by no  later than 1996.  Necessary compromises were required  and
strengthened  political will,  prospective insight  and  further initiatives
would  speed up the course of negotiations.  An early agreement on the scope
of the  comprehensive test  ban treaty  would facilitate  progress on  other
contentious  issues as  well.   The  relevant  Treaty provisions  should not
allow  for  nuclear  explosions  on  the  pretext  of  peaceful  purposes or
exceptional circumstances. They should avoid, however,  extending the ban to
activities which were difficult or impossible to verify.

  Regarding  efforts to bridge the  gap between positions on  the entry into
force,  he  said Hungary  advocated  a  simple  numerical  formula with  the
understanding  that diplomatic  efforts,  undertaken in  parallel  with  the
signature,  would  be  instrumental  in  ensuring  the  almost  simultaneous
adherence of  all relevant countries whose  absence would  render the Treaty
meaningless.   Concerning  the  funding   of  the  International  Monitoring
System/IMS,  he  welcomed the  readiness  of  some  of  the major  countries
hosting IMS  facilities  to cover  the  related  costs.   However,  national
funding should not be  expanded to the extreme.   On the  basis of  mutually
agreed criteria for economic potential, a  great number of countries hosting
the facilities could be rendered beneficiaries of international funding.

  The cut-off of the production of  all the weapons-grade fissile materials,
which  had  been  discussed for  long years,  should  be achieved  soon. The
Conference should  solve the  outstanding, mainly  procedural issues,  which
hampered the  immediate commencement  of the  negotiations  on "cut-off"  as
required by the programme of action adopted at  the NPT Conference.  Hungary
attached great  importance to the re-establishment  of the  ad hoc committee
on  transparency in armaments  and noted  that last  year's negotiations had
brought to  the  surface  a great  number of  pertinent  issues calling  for
further elaboration.   The solution of  problems relating  to the membership
of the  Conference should not be  further delayed.   Hungary hoped that  the
vacant place  of  the former  Czechoslovakia  would  be filled  during  this
session by accepting  the only application for  it, submitted by the  Slovak
Republic in  January 1993, which had  not been opposed  by any member  State
but supported by a great  number of delegations  as well as by two  regional
groups of the Conference.

  AMADOR MARTINEZ  MORCILLO (Spain)  said that  in light  of the  indefinite
extension of the  NPT, the focus should now  be on the reduction of  nuclear
weapons, the timely  entry into force of the Chemical Weapons Convention and
the  strengthening   of  the   Biological  Weapons   Convention  through   a
verification  system. All  this must  be  done  without forgetting  the work
undertaken by the Conference with regard  to a comprehensive test-ban treaty
and the so-called  cut-off treaty.  The  strengthening of the Treaty's  role
as the  instrument for preventing the  proliferation of nuclear weapons on a
global scale  was a priority for  the international community.   Also to  be
emphasized was the reference to the  conclusion of a comprehensive  test-ban
treaty no  later than 1996  and to the  cut-off treaty.   In view of  recent
international events in the  field, he reiterated the appeal to the  nuclear
weapon States to act with utmost restraint inthe matter of nuclear testing.

  The negotiations on  a comprehensive test-ban  treaty revolved  around two
basic questions:   definition of  the treaty  scope and  establishment of  a
specific verification  system.  Spain participated  actively in  the work of
the  Ad  Hoc  Group  of  Scientific  Experts  on  International  Cooperation
Measures  for  Detecting  and  Identifying  Seismic  Phenomena.     However,

participation in the tests  and experiments by countries which were not full
members of the  Conference on  Disarmament created an extremely  paradoxical
situation.  For such a country to participate  and contribute financially to
something where  it had  no possibility  of being  involved when it  came to
adopting political decisions pointed up the increasingly paradoxical  nature
of the negotiations  as they  advanced, given the  actual membership of  the
Conference on Disarmament.

  In fact, the lack  of decision on  the issue  of enlargement was going  to
have  increasingly   wide-ranging  consequences   on  the   future  of   the
Conference, he  added.  Spain hoped  that a sense  of reality and  political
will of  the Conference would lead  to a timely  response to  the request of
the international  community that the Conference  adapt to  the new historic
realities.  Nevertheless, it  would be  erroneous  to  link the  question of
enlargement  with the  negotiations on  the comprehensive  test-ban  treaty.
Enlargement  of  the Conference  had a  meaning of  its own,  independent of
considerations of the present moment.

  FRIEDRICH  MOSER (Switzerland) said that  Switzerland profoundly regretted
the  Chinese  underground  nuclear  explosion  on  15  May  and  the  French
President's decision  no longer to maintain  the moratorium  which it, along
with  the  United  States  and  the Russian  Federation,  had  up  till  now
respected.  He noted that relevant experts were divided as to the  necessity
of carrying out tests  to maintain the safety  of these armaments  and asked
how deterrence  would  be strengthened  by the  tests.    The resumption  of
testing  could  complicate the  negotiations  on  a  comprehensive  test-ban
treaty.  Switzerland understood the  concern of  the countries  of the South
Pacific which believed that  the tests would  have a negative impact on  the
marine environment.

  States which  had agreed  to an  indefinite extension  of the NPT,  in the
firm  expectation  that  all the  nuclear-weapon  States  would  keep  their
disarmament promises,  must feel  disappointed at this  time, he said.   For
the Swiss,  there  was a  "moral  incompatibility"  between the  French  and
Chinese  decisions to resume  nuclear testing  and the  commitments they had
undertaken at the NPT  Conference.  New French  and Chinese tests  created a
bad  precedent and  could incite  other  nuclear  Powers to  resume testing,
which would relaunch the  arms race.  A threshold  State could use them as a
pretext to  pursue its  nuclear ambitions.  It was  not in  the interest  of
France and  China to  provoke such  a reaction.   Switzerland dared  to hope
that faced with such high stakes, the French President would go  back on his
decision  and   that  China   too  would  renounce  future   nuclear  tests.
Switzerland also  dared  to hope  that  an  opportune moment  for  President
Chirac  to announce  such  a decision  would be  during  his next  visit  to
Geneva.

  ANTONIO DE  ICAZA (Mexico),  President of  the Conference,  said that  his
Government had  indicated  to the  nuclear  weapon  States that  the  recent
Chinese  test, the announcement  by France to resume  testing and the recent
statement  by  a  United  States  official  concerning  the  possibility  of
resuming tests did not create  a propitious climate for  the negotiations on
a  comprehensive  test-ban  treaty.    Following  the  NPT  Conference,  the
nuclear-weapon States  had agreed  to practice  "maximum  restraint" and  to
respect  the moratoriums.   The  goal of  testing, however,  was to  perfect
nuclear arsenals  and a resumption  of testing indicated a  wish to continue
the  arms race.  Mexico would do all in its power, as it had in the past, to
continue its efforts towards nuclear non-proliferation.

  GERARD  ERRERA   (France),  referring  to  the   statement  made  by   the
representative  of  Switzerland,  said  he  had explained  the  reasons  for
France's final campaign of tests last week.   He had said it  was necessary,
the  decision should  have come  as no  surprise to  anyone, and  it was  in
conformity with France's  non-proliferation responsibilities.  The  decision
also  confirmed  its   commitment  to  the  comprehensive  test-ban   treaty
negotiations and to  disarmament in general.  France  had in fact taken  two
decisions.  The first  was that this  would be the last cycle of  tests, and

the  second was its  commitment to  the signing of  a comprehensive test-ban
treaty.  The  first was temporary, the second  was definitive and could  not
be taken  without the first.  Concerning the Swiss  statement, he  said that
France's  credibility  must  be  maintained.    It  was  not  a  matter   of
deterrence.

  The resumption of tests bore  out France's commitment to negotiations on a
comprehensive test-ban treaty and  the signing of a treaty in the autumn  of
1996.   If such a treaty  were not signed by  all nuclear weapon States,  it
would be meaningless.   The French decision fell within a policy of dialogue
and transparency  as seen  in the  meeting of 20  June in Paris  between the
French Government and representatives  of the South Pacific  Forum led by an
Australian Minister.   France had also  invited scientists to  be present at
the test, which  would be carried out with  strict respect for security  and
the environment. France had never disguised the fact that the resumption  of
tests  was  an  open  option  and  it  would  continue  fully  to  meet  its
international obligations.

  BARON  ALAIN GUILLAUME (Belgium) supported Austria's appeal for all States
to report  to the United  Nations Registry  of Conventional  Weapons in  New
York.   The  establishment of  a Committee  on Conventional  Weapons in  the
Conference on Disarmament would  be a welcome idea.  What had the Conference
done  while conventional weapons  had killed  people in  Somalia, the former
Yugoslavia  and  Rwanda?   The  answer  was  nothing, he  said.   Procedural
problems  had  been  created which  prevented  it  from  acting  and  it was
unacceptable that the Conference  on Disarmament did not take up the  matter
of conventional weapons.

  RICHARD STARR (Australia)  recalled that this  morning France had referred
to  a dialogue held in Paris on 20 June.  He  emphasized that the purpose of
the  delegation from  South Pacific  Forum led  by an  Australian  Member of
Parliament  was to  protest the  decision and  request its  reconsideration.
That request had been rejected.


                             * *** *                


.

Biographical Note                                       
                                                       BIO/2936/Rev.3*
                                                       8 June 1995


           BOUTROS BOUTROS-GHALI, UNITED NATIONS SECRETARY-GENERAL


      Boutros Boutros-Ghali became the sixth Secretary-General of the United
Nations on 1 January 1992,  when he began a five-year term.  At  the time of
his   appointment  by  the  General   Assembly  on  3   December  1991,  Mr.
Boutros-Ghali  had been Deputy Prime  Minister for Foreign  Affairs of Egypt
since May  1991 and had served as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs from
October 1977 until 1991.

      The  Secretary-General's priority  has been  to strengthen  the United
Nations Organization, to enable it to seize the opportunities offered by the
post-cold-war  era,  and  to  realize  the  goals  of  the  Charter and  the
objectives of peace, development and democracy.

      On  31 January  1992,  the Secretary-General,  at  the first  Security
Council meeting ever held at the level of heads of State and government, was
invited to prepare an analysis and recommendations on ways to strengthen the
capacity of  the United  Nations for preventive  diplomacy, peacemaking  and
peace-keeping.  The Secretary-General  added to these dimensions of  peace a
further concept, that of post-conflict peace-building.  His report, entitled
An Agenda for Peace, was published on 17 June 1992.

      An Agenda  for Peace  defines  the role  and functions  of the  United
Nations  in  a  new  era  which  has  seen  the  establishment  of  numerous
peace-keeping operations and  observer missions under  the authority of  the
Security  Council and  the command  of the  Secretary-General.   The report,
which has been translated into at least 29 languages, has been  the focus of
wide-ranging discussions.

      On 3 January  1995, the  Secretary-General issued a  supplement to  An
Agenda  for Peace as a position paper.   This paper highlights certain areas
where unforeseen  difficulties have  arisen with  regard  to United  Nations
peace-keeping operations.   The supplement  reviews the lessons  learned and
offers guidelines for improving future operations.

      Since  the cold  war  ended,  the  United  Nations  has  mounted  more
peace-keeping operations  than  in  its previous  40  years,  involving  the
deployment of some 70,000 troops, military observers and civilian police, in
addition to civilian personnel.  These operations include notably the United


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*     This      press      release       supersedes      Press       Release
      SG/2015/Rev.2-BIO/2936/Rev.2 of 11 April 1995.





                                      - 2 -     Press Release SG/2015/Rev.3
                                                              BIO/2936/Rev.3
                                                8 June 1995


Nations Angola Verification Mission III, the United Nations Observer Mission
in  El  Salvador, the  United Nations  Operation  in Mozambique,  the United
Nations Operation in  Somalia, the  United Nations Protection  Force in  the
republics of  the former  Yugoslavia, and  the  United Nations  Transitional
Authority in Cambodia.

      The Secretary-General  has also appointed  a number of  Special Envoys
and Representatives to advise him  on the creation of conditions for  ending
hostilities, defusing tensions  or consolidating peace  in various areas  of
the  world.   Peace-building  activities,  to  provide the  foundations  for
lasting  peace,  include  measures  to  enhance  confidence, to  reform  and
strengthen  democratic  institutions, to  integrate  former combatants  into
civilian society, and  to restore the fabric of war-torn  societies so as to
prevent a recurrence of conflict.  

      Since  his first  year  in office,  the  Secretary-General has  worked
towards a reinvigorated  and expanded  vision of development.   A series  of
landmark conferences has  been held,  including the Summit  on the  Economic
Advancement  of Rural Women,  held at  Geneva in  February 1992,  the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held at Rio de Janeiro in
1992, and the World Conference  on Human Rights, held at Vienna in 1993.  In
May 1994,  the World  Conference on Natural  Disaster Reduction was  held in
Yokohama.  In September 1994, the International Conference on Population and
Development was held in  Cairo, and the World Summit for  Social Development
was held in  Copenhagen in March 1995.  In September  1995, the Fourth World
Conference on Women will be held in Beijing.  The Second Conference on Human
Settlements, "The  City Summit", will take  place in Istanbul in  1996.  The
Secretary-General sees this  series of conferences as  a continuum, offering
unique  opportunities to  raise levels  of awareness  and to  set norms  and
standards.     In   these  conferences  and   summits,  Member   States  and
non-governmental  organizations,  as  well  as  concerned  individuals, work
together to  create a global commitment  to all aspects of  development.  In
this year, as the United Nations celebrates its fiftieth anniversary, global
awareness of the crucial importance of development is an important aspect of
the work of the Organization.

      The Secretary-General's own vision  of development was set out  in May
1994 in a report to the General Assembly entitled An Agenda for Development.
In  his  report, the  Secretary-General  addressed peace,  the  economy, the
environment, society and democracy  as the five foundations of  development.
The Secretary-General  also examined the  multiplicity of actors  engaged in
development  work and outlined his vision of  the role of the United Nations
in  development in an increasingly complex world.  Universal respect for and
protection of human  rights is an integral part of development, he declared.
Human  rights, including group rights  such as those  of indigenous peoples,
women, children and  the disabled,  are a focus  of the  Secretary-General's
attention.   In November 1994,  in response  to the request  of the  General
Assembly,  the  Secretary-General   issued  his   recommendations  for   the
implementation of An Agenda for Development.   

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                                  - 3 -         Press Release SG/2015/Rev.3
                                                              BIO/2936/Rev.3
                                                8 June 1995


      The two agendas, peace  and development, are inextricably linked.   In
February 1995,  the Secretary-General  published  in companion  volumes,  as
parallel  texts,  the  revised  An  Agenda  for  Peace  and  An  Agenda  for
Development.

      The Secretary-General has advocated  a strong supporting role  for the
United Nations in the democratic transformation which has  characterized the
post-cold-war period.  The United Nations has responded to the calls of some
40  nations for assistance in the organization and supervision of democratic
elections.  The  presence of more than 2,100 observers  in the South African
elections  in  April  1994 made  it  the  largest  United Nations  electoral
assistance operation ever mounted.   Recognizing that democracy is  far more
than the  holding of free  and fair elections,  the United Nations  has also
developed various programmes  to cooperate in the  development of democratic
institutions, rule of law and popular participation.  In addition, the  best
support for democracy must lie in the democratization of international life,
which the Secretary-General has pursued throughout his term.

      The financial crisis,  suffered by the  Organization because  assessed
contributions for  the regular budget and for  peace-keeping are not paid on
time  and in full, threatens  the effective operations  of the Organization.
The Secretary-General has commissioned a number of studies aimed at ensuring
that the United Nations is an organization capable of meeting the challenges
of the next 50 years.

      The Secretary-General has undertaken a programme of restructuring  and
reform designed to reduce the number of high-level posts in the Secretariat,
to
decentralize   decision-making   and   to   reduce   costs  and   managerial
inefficiencies.
However, the capacity  of the United  Nations to deal  with vastly  expanded
operations has been a particular source of concern to the Secretary-General.

      Secretary-General  Boutros-Ghali  has   travelled  to  more  than   50
countries to represent the United  Nations and to offer his good  offices to
further the cause of peace.   In December 1993, he was the first  non-Korean
to cross the DMZ from Seoul to Pyongyang.

      Honorary Degrees, Awards, Memberships

      The  Secretary-General's  role  in  advancing  the  goals  of   peace,
development  and democracy has been  recognized by many  awards and honorary
degrees.

      He was awarded a doctorate of law honoris causa from  the Institute of
State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow (September 1992); a
doctorate  honoris  causa  from  l'Institut  d'Etudes  politiques  de  Paris
(January  1993); the  Christian  A. Herter  Memorial  Award from  the  World
Affairs Council, Boston  (March 1993);  a doctorate honoris  causa from  The
Catholic University of  Louvain, Belgium  (April 1993); the  "Man of  Peace"
award, sponsored by  the Italian-based Together  for Peace Foundation  (July
1993); an honorary  doctorate degree  from the University  of Laval,  Quebec
(August  1993);  and the  Arthur  A. Houghton  Jr.  Star  Crystal Award  for
Excellence from the African-American Institute, New York (November 1993).

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                                  - 4 -         Press Release SG/2015/Rev.3
                                                              BIO/2936/Rev.3
                                                8 June 1995


      In  addition, he  was  given an  honorary  membership of  the  Russian
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Moscow (April  1994);  an  honorary foreign
membership  of  the Russian  Academy of  Sciences,  Moscow (April  1994); an
honourary foreign membership of  the Academy of Sciences of  Belarus, Minsk,
(April 1994); an honorary doctorate from the University Carlos III of Madrid
(April  1994); an  honorary degree  from the  School of  Foreign  Service at
Georgetown  University,   Washington,  D.C.  (May  1994);   a  doctorate  in
international  law  honoris  causa  from  the  University  of  Moncton,  New
Brunswick, Canada (August 1994); and honorary doctorates from the University
of Bucharest (October  1994), University of Baku  (October 1994), University
of Yerevan (November 1994), University of Haifa  (February 1995), University
of Vienna (February 1995), and University of Melbourne (April 1995).  He was
made a Fellow of Berkeley College, Yale University (March 1995.)

      His Early Career

      Mr. Boutros-Ghali  has  had  a  long  association  with  international
affairs as a diplomat, jurist, scholar and widely published author.

      He  became a member of the Egyptian Parliament in 1987 and was part of
the  secretariat of the National Democratic Party from 1980.  Until assuming
the  office  of  Secretary-General  of  the  United  Nations,  he  was  also
Vice-President of the Socialist International.

      He was  a member of  the International Law Commission  from 1979 until
1991, and is a former member of the International Commission of Jurists.  He
has many professional and academic associations related to his background in
law, international affairs and political science, among them, his membership
in  the Institute of International Law, the International Institute of Human
Rights,  the African  Society  of Political  Studies  and the  Academie  des
Sciences morales et politique (Academie Francaise, Paris).

      Over four decades, Mr. Boutros-Ghali participated in numerous meetings
dealing  with  international   law,  human  rights,   economic  and   social
development,   decolonization,  the  Middle   East  question,  international
humanitarian law, the  rights of ethnic and other minorities, non-alignment,
development in the Mediterranean region and Afro-Arab cooperation.

      In September 1978,  Mr. Boutros-Ghali attended  the Camp David  Summit
Conference and  had a  role in  negotiating the  Camp David  accords between
Egypt and Israel, which were signed in 1979.  He led many delegations of his
country to  meetings of  the  Organization of  African Unity  (OAU) and  the
Movement  of Non-Aligned Countries, as  well as to  the Summit Conference of
the French and African Heads of State.  He also headed Egypt's delegation to
the General Assembly sessions in 1979, 1982 and 1990.

      Mr.  Boutros-Ghali received a  Ph.D. in  international law  from Paris
University in 1949.  His thesis was on the study  of regional organizations.
Mr. Boutros-Ghali  also holds a Bachelor of Laws degree, received from Cairo
University  in  1946, as  well as  separate  diplomas in  political science,
economics and public law from Paris University.

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                                  - 5 -         Press Release SG/2015/Rev.3
                                                              BIO/2936/Rev.3




                                                8 June 1995


      Between  1949   and  1977,   Mr.   Boutros-Ghali  was   Professor   of
International Law and  International Relations  at Cairo  University.   From
1974 to 1977, he was a member of  the Central Committee and Political Bureau
of the Arab Socialist Union.

      Among   his   other   professional   and   academic  activities,   Mr.
Boutros-Ghali was  a  Fulbright  Research  Scholar  at  Columbia  University
(1954-1955); Director  of the Centre  of Research  of The  Hague Academy  of
International Law (1963-1964); and Visiting Professor at the Faculty of Law,
Paris  University (1967-1968).   He  has lectured  on international  law and
international  relations  at universities  in  Africa,  Asia, Europe,  Latin
America and North America.

      Mr.   Boutros-Ghali  was   President  of   the  Egyptian   Society  of
International  Law from  1965;  President of  the  Centre of  Political  and
Strategic   Studies  (Al-Ahram)   from  1975;   member  of   the  Curatorium
Administrative  Council of The Hague Academy of International Law from 1978;
member of the  Scientific Committee of  the Academie  Mondiale pour la  Paix
(Menton, France) from  1978; and  associate member of  the Institute  Affari
Internazionali (Rome)  from 1979.  He served as a member of the Committee on
the Application  of Conventions  and  Recommendations of  the  International
Labour  Organisation from 1971 until  1979.  Mr.  Boutros-Ghali also founded
the publication Alahram Iqtisadi, which he edited from 1960 to 1975, and the
quarterly Al-Seyassa Al-Dawlia, which he edited until December 1991.

      The  more   than  100   publications   and  numerous   articles   that
Mr. Boutros-Ghali has written deal with regional and international  affairs,
law and diplomacy, and political science.

      During the course of his career, Mr. Boutros-Ghali has received awards
and honours from 24 countries, which, besides Egypt, include Belgium, Italy,
Colombia,   Guatemala,  France,   Ecuador,  Argentina,   Nepal,  Luxembourg,
Portugal, Niger, Mali,  Mexico, Greece, Chile,  Brunei Darussalam,  Germany,
Peru, Cote  d'Ivoire,  Denmark, Central  African  Republic, Sweden  and  the
Republic  of Korea.  He has also  been decorated with the Sovereign Military
Order of Malta.

      Mr. Boutros-Ghali  was born  in  Cairo on  14 November  1922.   He  is
married to Leia Maria Boutros-Ghali.


                                   * *** *


.

It doesn't explain his funny name.

      I hate shopping, but I think we'd be better served if we sent
      all delgates to the UN packing and converted the premises to
      a shopping maul.

date=7/7/95
type=background report
number=5-30535
title=u-n week-in-review
byline=elaine johanson
dateline=united nations
content=
voiced at:  

intro:  iraq admits -- for the first time -- to germ warfare  
programs, thus delaying any possible lifting of a united nations  
oil embargo;  the u-n security council continues to relax certain
sanctions on yugoslavia -- despite no indication that belgrade is
prodding the bosnian serbs to accept a peace settlement;  and, an
international effort to eliminate land-mines threatening many  
developing nations falters in geneva.  v-o-a's correspondent  
elaine johanson reviews the main developments of the past week:   

text:  iraq has told the united nations that it had offensive  
biological weapons programs in 1989 and 1990 -- but they have  
since been closed down and the material destroyed.  rolf ekeus --
the head of the u-n special commission on iraq -- reported to the
security council this past week that iraqi officials made the  
disclosure to him during his recent visit to the country.   iraq  
has promised to submit a full, written report on the issue by the
end of this month.

the united states -- driving the hardest line against lifting u-n
sanctions on iraq -- received the news skeptically.  u-s  
ambassador madeleine albright accused the iraqis of what she  
called an "a la carte (one-by-one) approach"  to meeting u-n  
demands.  iraq has submitted reluctantly to u-n inspections and  
denied the existence of the biological programs for nearly four  
years.

the security council is to review the sanctions next tuesday  
behind closed doors.  no change is expected.  but divisions may  
be coming.   council members are split on paragraph 22 of the  
1991 ceasefire resolution following a u-n approved military  
action to drive  the iraqi army out of kuwait.  that provision  
provides for lifting an export ban on iraq -- which would allow  
it to sell oil -- once iraq fulfills all demands related to  
weapons.

the united states says it would veto any easing of sanctions  
until iraq fulfills all the ceasefire terms, including a full  
accounting of kuwaitis missing since the iraqi occupation.   
france, russia and china are more eager to let iraqi oil flow.   
french ambassador jean-bernard merimee says his government will  
pursue the matter at the appropriate time:

                        ///merimee act///

         as soon as the security council gets the "green light"  
         by ekeus on the mass destruction weapons,  as soon as we
         get the same "green-light" by the international agency  
         for atomic energy -- well, the council will be in a  
         position to implement paragraph 22 and lift the oil  
         embargo.

                          ///end act///

in any case -- a show-down is not anticipated in the immediate  
future.  u-n disarmament experts say it will take some time to  
verify iraq's new statements.

                               -0-

the security council is also less than unified on the question of
yugoslavia -- with russia pressing for a full suspension of u-n  
sanctions on belgrade to encourage more cooperation in the peace  
process.  however, russia abstained this past week -- rather than
use its veto -- on a resolution that extended the relaxation of  
certain embargoes for another 75 days.

the suspended measures -- a ban on travel, sporting and cultural  
ties -- are considered minor.  but they are said to at least  
relieve belgrade's pariah status.  the sanctions were imposed in  
1992 to punish yugoslavia for its role in the bosnian war.    
partial lifting of the embargoes began last october after  
serbia's president promised to stop sending military supplies to  
the bosnian serbs.

international monitors have reported violations of the border  
closure, but nothing -- they say -- of any significance.

                               -0-

an international conference to raise money for the clearance of  
land-mines ended in geneva friday with disappointment.  the  
conference fell far short of its goal of 75-million dollars.   
governments pledged less than one-third of the needed funds.

the united nations seeks to remove about 100-thousand mines in  
about 17 countries from rwanda to afghanistan -- where the  
devices threaten local populations.  angola  is considered the  
most mined nation in the world.  a recent report said mines kill  
or seriously injure at least 20 angolans every day.

the u-n has a ban on the export of land-mines.    
secretary-general boutros boutros-ghali wants the international  
community to outlaw their production.  but some resistence has  
emerged. (signed)

neb/pt

07-jul-95 3:44 pm edt (1944 utc)
nnnn

source: voice of america
.

Serbs seize U.N. base where fleeing peacekeepers,
townsfolk hole up


(c) 1995 Copyright the News & Observer Publishing Co.

(c) 1995 Associated Press


SARAJEVO, Bosnia-Herzegovina (Jul 12, 1995 - 08:48 EDT) --
Bosnian Serb troops today seized a village where some 30,000
refugees huddled with Dutch peacekeepers after the fall of their
U.N.-protected city.

The Serbs at midday moved into the village of Potocari, site of the
last U.N. compound in the eastern enclave of Srebrenica, said
Alexander Ivanko, a U.N. spokesman in Sarajevo.

Neither the peacekeepers nor the refugees offered resistance as the
Serbs took control of the village and base, which are two miles north
of Srebrenica town, said Lt. Col. Gary Coward, another U.N.
spokesman.

The international charity Doctors Without Borders, in a statement
released in Belgium, said the Serbs were sending the refugees to
another Serb-held area.

"They entered the UNPROFOR base and have imprisoned the
Srebrenica population that fled there yesterday," the statement said.
"The Serbs are starting with the evacuation of the population, women
and children first, to a soccer stadium in Bratunac, just north of the
enclave."

U.N. officials said they believed the Serbs were conducting a search
for men among the refugees who had fought for the Bosnian
government army.

"We will guarantee absolute safety for all people, including soldiers
who surrender their weapons to us," a Bosnian Serb military
spokesman, Lt. Col. Milovan Milutinovic, told The Associated Press.

Aid officials had worried about the estimated 30,000 refugees in
Potocari since the U.N. compound, built to house 200, had not even
enough food for the 400 peacekeepers crowded inside.

"This is a crisis," said Rida Ettarashany, a U.N. spokesman in
Zagreb, Croatia. "There's very little they can do."

The refugees and peacekeepers fled to Potocari ahead of advancing
Serb forces who overran Srebrenica on Tuesday, brushing off two
NATO airstrikes and casting further doubt on the future of the U.N.
peacekeeping mission.

There was no immediate word on what would happen to the Dutch
peacekeepers seized at Potocari, but 42 Dutch peacekeepers were
being held hostage elsewhere after the Serbs overran two more U.N.
observation posts Tuesday night and today.

The Serbs also attacked the U.N. "safe area" of Zepa, nine miles
southwest of Srebrenica, late Tuesday. About 90 Ukrainian
peacekeepers are based there.

The United Nations established six "safe areas," including Sarajevo,
in 1993 as enclaves where civilians were to be spared from attack.
Preserving them has been the principal mission of the peacekeepers.

The fall of Srebrenica on Tuesday marked the biggest failure of the
U.N. mission in Bosnia in the 39-month war and prompted world
leaders to question the future of the 23,000-member peacekeeping
force.

U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali asked the Serbs to
withdraw, but hedged on how far he would go to force them out. "We
believe that in spite of the aggression, negotiation for the time being
is the only way to find a solution," he said today during a visit to
Athens, Greece.

The Serbs forced the United Nations to call off NATO warplanes
Tuesday by threatening to kill the 30 peacekeepers they already held.

Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic said Serb troops controlled
the Srebrenica area, adding that civilians and peacekeepers were
"completely safe and secure."

He rejected calls to withdraw, insisting: "Srebrenica is our country."

Both the rebel Serbs and the Muslim-led government are increasingly
hostile to international insistence on a negotiated settlement, and the
latest Serb advance could drive the United Nations out of Bosnia in
frustration, and let the two sides fight it out.

"This raises the question as to whether the U.N. force will be able to
stay in Bosnia and perform their humanitarian mission," U.S. Defense
Secretary William Perry said.

But Boutros-Ghali insisted the peacekeepers still had much to do,
including caring for refugees and keeping the conflict from spreading.

"I will do whatever ought to be done to maintain the presence of U.N.
troops in former Yugoslavia, in spite of the pressure that we receive
to encourage the pullout of the troops," he said.

Srebrenica, the most easterly of the "safe areas," is about 10 miles
from the border with Serbia.

Bosnia's civil war broke out in 1992 when Serb nationalists revolted
against Muslims and Bosnian Croats who seceded from
Serb-dominated Yugoslavia. About 200,000 people have died or
disappeared in the war.

>    As a result of Taiwan not a UN member,  Taiwan is barred from 

But isn't this all kinda Taiwan's fault? I realize that the US and UN
really got Taiwan angry when we recognized Mainland China as "China"
but still, Taiwan was the one who got up and left the U.N., correct?

/scott

p.s. forgive me if I'm wrong about this - I don't know much and the
little I've learned has come from an occasional talk with my wife, who
happens to come from Taiwan. BTW, I visted Tawain 9 months ago - I thought
it was great! I loved Taipei (esp. the food!)

    .45
    
    > Taiwan was the one who got up and left the U.N., correct?
    
    Taiwan's membership in the United Nations was formally revoked by the
    organization upon the admission of Red China.

>    Taiwan's membership in the United Nations was formally revoked by the
>    organization upon the admission of Red Chin

oh. nevermind.

;-)

/scott

 Who's Red Chin..a ballplayer or sumpin'?

    Before or after doing the Schick commercial?

    If china invades Taiwan in the year before the US pres election, it
    might be making a mistake. The upcoming political process would force
    Clinton to make a decision and stick to it, and that decision (my
    guess) would probably involve a military response if diplomatic
    solutions did not work.

    
    
    A military response????
    
    Against China????
    
    
    BWAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHHAAHHAHAHA!!!!!!
    
    
     He couldn't get one right against 80+ people in Texas, and he's gonna
    go against 1+ billion?????
    
    
     Pheeew! Thanks.... I needed this humor this morning... I really did!!
    

    If that happened, no more raspberry hazelnut chocolate pecan cream almond 
    guy ding coffee.

    re: .52
    
    No, he didn't get it right, but he did use a military repsonse...
    The issue is whether or not we'd win or lose against China (methinks
    we'd be in for a butt-kicking)...it's whether or not Clinton would
    chose to get us involved. (methinks he would)

    oops...
    
    s'posed to be
    "..issue is NOT whether..."

    I think the only way we could beat China is drop a nuclear bomb on the
    25-30 larges cities at once but I think that would take care of most of
    the rest of the earth as we know it. On the other hand...being the
    former Marine that I am I think we could take em. :')

    -1 i agree with you but it ain't gonna be a 100 day affair like
       Saudi...

    
      Well, I've been out, so am catching up here.  From a purely
     military standpoint (which is unrealistic, of course), it is
     true that the US could not make any meaningful conventional
     military response on mainland China.  Defeating an invasion
     attempt, however, is not impossible.  The sea/air forces of
     the US are adequate to protect Taiwan without nuclear devices.
     In fact, even without massive US intervention, an amphibious
     or airborne assault on the island by China would be quite iffy
     from the PRC's point of view.  I doubt it will happen without
     a major worsening of the situation.
    
      The USA does not officially recognize Taiwan as a nation.  The
     policies of recent administrations are governed by the Taiwan
     Relations Act, if I recall.  Thus Bush and Clinton have both been
     prohibited from recognizing Taiwan as a country, but also from
     bargaining away Taiwan's self-determination without their consent.
    
      Warren Christopher recently reaffirmed this longstanding policy.
     I understand Jason Ru's grim foreboding, but understand clearly
     US policy : you are part of China to us, like Hong Kong.  The world
     will be watching what happens in Hong Kong in the next few years.
     If that goes well, the pressure will mount for you to rejoin your
     country.  Why not ?  On the other hand, if Hong Kong goes badly,
     such a reunification will be put on a lonterm hold.
    
      I guess this isn't what you want to hear.  But that is the USA's
     position.  Don't let the Lee and Wu incidents fool you into thinking
     there is a two-China policy coming.  Our policy is one-China.
    
      bb

    
    WASHINGTON (Reuter) - The U.S. Senate voted 94-2 yesterday to withhold
    $10-million of United Nations funding until Congress gets tha names of
    "deadbeat diplomats" at the UN who are not paying their bills.
    
    A report by the UN Secretary-General has said that diplomats and missions
    posted to the world body have run up debts of more than $9-million to
    banks, landlords, hotels, utility companies and merchants in New York
    City, according to the Washington Times.
    

    Grandstanding by the Senate, but an excellent idea, nonetheless.

    "We can't get 'em for loss of national sovereignty, so let's go for
     non-payment of rent."

    re: .60
    
    I like it.  

    
    This may be a stupid question, but what has the U.N. ever done for us ?
    
    %-{
    Dan

Well, it's always always provided a pretty significant shot in the
arm to NYC's economy. 'Cept fer those deadbeats, of course.

    Maybe NYC would be better off evicting the UN deadbeats and turning
    the facility into affordable housing for NYC residents.
    
    

    .64
    
    Why, get us involved in wars, of course.

    
    <--------
    
    I said for us, not to us !
    
    :-[
    Dan

    blue-helmeted SNARF...

    Ghali, ghali, I can relate.

    
    the one china pattern policy was invented by chiang kai-shek
    after the retreat to formosa, not by henry the k..

    When in 1951 President Truman showed signs of resistance to the
    Taiwanese policy, Chiang went both into a rage and to the White House,
    and invented flying saucers too.
    

    His biggest Tin Pan Alley hit was 
    
    "I'd Like To Get You On A Gravy Boat To China." 
    

    In his later years, and for reasons that only became clear after it was
    accepted by the academic community, he virtually invented the entire
    field of planetary geology.  The payoff for Chiang came when he
    unexpectedly used it to declare long-term political victory by
    brilliantly proving his contention that Taiwan would eventually merge
    with the Mainland China Plate.  
    

    Unfortunately, the stress of being a polymath proved too great even for
    the great Chiang Kai-Shek -- he became an alcoholic.  Ever the
    benefactor of humanity, his last contribution to mankind's quest for
    knowledge was the founding of the one Latin-language Academic Journal
    published in Taipei, devoted BOTH to Temperance AND to the Theory of
    Continental Drift -- 
    
    "Acta Tectonica Taiwanonica."
    

FWIW

	NEW WORLD RIP-OFF
	-----------------
	
	"A diplomat," someone (probably not a diplomat) once
	said, "is a gentleman sent abroad to lie for his
	country."  Today, according to an internal report on
	the United Nations by U.N. Secretary General Boutros
	Boutros-Ghali, a diplomat may be a gentleman sent
	abrod to pilfer for himself.  The report reveals that
	some 31 U.N. missions at the organization's New York
	headquarters have misused their diplomatic privileges
	to chalk up no less than $9 million in debts.

	And to whom do they owe this tidy sum, you ask?  Well,
	we're not talking here about abstractions like the
	"national debt" or the trade deficit.  We're talking
	about individuals who owe other individuals money -
	lots of it - and who can't legally be made to pay.
	And the individuals to whom the debts are owed are
	Americans - not only individuals but also, as
	Catherine Toups reported in the Washington Times
	recently, "banks, landlords, hospitals, hotels,
	utility companies and merchants in New Yorks City."
	And maybe other places, too.

	Mr. Boutros-Ghali is properly distraught about the
	situation, and he assures us that "the problem of
	diplomatic indebtedness is a matter of significant
	concern."  And so it is, but not one that New
	Yorkers don't know how to handle.  The result is
	that savvy merchants in the Big Apple, when they
	hear a potential customer works for the United
	Nations, turn off the credit and decline to conduct
	business.  One major bank, which the secretary
	general declines to identify, no longer will make 
	loans to diplomats or missions, and some real
	estate agents refuse to deal with them.

	But the secretary general also assures us that
	"the vast majority of the 184 missions in New York
	and their over 1,800 diplomats honor their 
	obligations."  Well, not really.  The United Nations
	itself has never been known to honor many of its own
	organizational debts.  It owes $800 million to
	countries who send their own troops on U.N. "peace-
	keeping" missions because member nations just don't
	bother to pay their own way.  That means that somebody
	else has to pay for it, usually the United States,
	which coughs up about 25 percent of the U.N. budget
	every year.

	But, while the vast majority of honorables who work
	for the member nations may pay their debts, the real
	culprits seem to be diplomats from five African states -
	Sierra Leone, Congo, Zaire, Liberia and the Central
	African Republic.  Mr. Boutros-Ghali has a ready 
	explanation for their lousy credit.  He blames political
	and economic instability back home as well as bad fiscal
	management by missions and diplomats.

	Well, that's one way to put it.  The truth is perhaps
	a bit harder, that some countries send over diplomats
	who happen to have some fancy political connections back
	home and few other qualifications for the job.  Armed
	with diplomatic immunity, these worthies then proceed to 
	take full advantage of their new careers, buying whatever
	they want and never bothering with little details like
	cash on the barrelhead.  After a while, they go home,
	where, if their connections are still in power, they
	retire with a boatload of U.S. goodies.

	Not everyone is happy that Mr. Boutros-Ghali reported
	these sad facts at all.  One of the Russian delegates
	said, with the frankness characteristic of his
	country's tradition of open government, "in diplomacy,
	it is important to be discreet."  Indeed, sometimes
	it is, but this is not one of those cases.  Perhaps the
	glare of publicity will shame the dead-beats into
	paying up, but don't bet on it.

Source: The Washington Times
	National Weekly Edition
	Editorials
	August 14-20, p.37

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    	<--- And guess who pays for most of the thievery.  Imagine a gov't
    	     like this on a global scale.
    
    	     

Prepared by Central News            DH/1965
                    25 August 1995


F R I D A Y  H I G H L I G H T S



  *Security Council welcomes 17 August Tajik  Protocol; calls on parties  to
implement commitments fully.

  *Chairman of Special Commission says Iraq developed full-scale  biological
weapons programme;  United  States says  conditions  do  not exist  to  lift
sanctions.

  *Secretary-General  addresses National  Assembly  of  Portugal; calls  for
greater promotion of development and democracy.

  *Refugees  return to  camps in  Zaire  following suspension  of  expulsion
policy.

  *United  States  Ambassador  outlines  U.S.  goals  for  Beijing   Women's
Conference; expresses  concern at denial of  visas and  alleged detention of
human rights activists.

  *UNITAR announces  distribution of geographic  information system software
to Viet Nam, Niger and Tanzania.

* * *

  The  Security Council  today  welcomed  the  Protocol on  the  fundamental
principles  for establishing peace and national accord  in Tajikistan, which
was  signed by  the President  of Tajikistan  and the  leader of  the  Tajik
opposition  on 17  August.   In  a statement  by  Council  President Nugroho
Wisnumurti (Indonesia),  the Council  called upon  the parties  to implement
fully the commitments contained in the Protocol.  

  The  Council  supported  the  agreement  of  the  parties  to  conduct the
continual round of talks due to begin on 18 September 1995, with  the aim of
concluding a  general agreement on the  establishment of  peace and national
accord in Tajikistan.  It urged  the parties to agree as soon as possible on
the venue of the negotiations.

  The Council welcomed  the agreement reached by  the parties to  extend the
existing cease-fire for  six months until  26 February 1996,  and called  on
the parties to  comply strictly with  this agreement.   It  called upon  all
States  and  others  concerned  to  discourage  any  activities  that  could
complicate  or hinder  the peace  process, respecting  fully the sovereignty
and territorial integrity of Tajikistan and  the inviolability of the Tajik-
Afghan border.  

  The  Security  Council  urged  the  parties  to  implement  as  quickly as
possible  the confidence-building  measures agreed  upon during  the  fourth
round  of inter-Tajik  talks  held  in Almaty.    It stressed  the  need  to
continue the  existing  close contacts  of  the  United Nations  Mission  of
Observers  in Tajikistan  (UNMOT)  with the  parties as  well  as  its close
liaison with  the  CIS  Collective Peace-Keeping  Forces, with  the  Russian
border forces and with the OSCE Mission in Tajikistan.

  The Council  welcomed  the contributions  by  some  Member States  to  the
voluntary  fund  for  the  Tajikistan peace  process,  and  encouraged other
Member States to contribute.  

* * *

  The  Chairman of  the  United  Nations Special  Commission (UNSCOM),  Rolf
Ekeus,  today  said  new  information  obtained   from  Iraq  revealed   the
development of  a "full-scale" biological  weapons programme, which  matured
in a very aggressive manner  after the invasion of Kuwait.  Speaking to  the
press after  briefing the Security Council, Mr. Ekeus said Iraq now admitted
to  having gone far beyond what it had stated  in its written declaration on
biological weapons of 4 August.

  Now Iraq had  admitted to having produced ten times more   anthrax than it
had stated  in  the declaration.    Furthermore,  three different  types  of
biological  warfare agents, including  one that  had been  kept secret until
now, had been put into a total of 191 bombs and missiles.  In all, he  said,
Iraq  admitted to producing  some 20,000 litres  of biological  agents.  The
process  of filling  weapons with  the agents  took place  between 1  to  23
December 1990,  just before  the outbreak  of the  Gulf war.   He said  Iraq
denied that it had used any biological  weapons and UNSCOM had no  reason to
believe otherwise.  Iraq has now declared that all agents were destroyed  in
July/August 1991, which would require verification by UNSCOM.

  Mr.  Ekeus  also  said  Iraq  admitted  to  the  development  of home-made
missiles, which  required vigorous  investigation.   He also  said Iraq  had
supplied  the International  Atomic Energy  Agency with information  that it
was working on a crash  programme, immediately after the invasion of Kuwait,
to produce a nuclear bomb from highly enriched uranium by April 1991.

  Mr. Ekeus  informed correspondents that the  Iraqi Government  had, at the
last  minute,  provided  him with  some  150 boxes  of  documents on  Iraq's
nuclear, biological,  chemical  and  missile  programmes.   UNSCOM  was  now
working  to  verify that  all  information  was  correct, which  would  be a
lengthy and difficult process.  
    Meanwhile, United States  Ambassador Madeleine Albright has referred  to
Ambassador Ekeus' briefing to the Security  Council as "chilling".  Speaking
to  correspondents today  outside the  Council  chamber,  she said  the U.S.
position,  which was  shared by  most  Council  members, was  that sanctions
would not  be lifted  until Iraq had  complied with all  of its  obligations
under Council resolutions.

* * *

  Secretary-General  Boutros  Boutros-Ghali has  stressed the  importance of
development  and democracy  in a  speech  today  to the  Portuguese National
Assembly, in celebration of the fiftieth  anniversary of the United Nations.
He said it was  unconscionable and unacceptable at  the end of the twentieth
century, that 1.3  billion people were  living in absolute poverty  and that
basic  health care was not  available to over  1.5 billion people worldwide.
He  called for  greater efforts  in  support  of development,  especially in
Africa. The  women and  men of Africa  expected the hand  of friendship,  he
said, and we must not fail them.

  On the  issue of  democracy, he  stressed that  democratic values can  and
should be  assimilated by  all cultures.   Although  the United  Nations was
engaged in  "democratization diplomacy" by  providing electoral  assistance,
it should go further.  The United Nations should also provide Member  States
with  technical   assistance  which   would  allow   them  to  adapt   their
institutions, to  educate their  citizens and  train managers,  to establish
independent judiciaries, and to form  armies which would respect the rule of
law and police forces which would uphold civil liberties.    

  The Secretary-General also thanked Portugal for the role it played in  the
negotiations in Angola, and its  recent substantial increase in peacekeeping

contributions.

  Saturday,  the  Secretary-General  will  meet  with  Thorvald Stoltenberg,
CoChairman of the Steering Committee of  the International Conference on the
former Yugoslavia.  He will then depart Lisbon for New York.

* * *

  A large  number of the 173,000 refugees  who fled camps  in Zaire to avoid
forced repatriation  to  Rwanda are  reported  by  the United  Nations  High
Commissioner for  Refugees (UNHCR) to be  returning to camps in Zaire today,
following yesterday's announcement by Zaire  of suspension of  its expulsion
policy.   According to  a United Nations spokesman, up  to 50 percent of the
inhabitants of some camps had already returned by midday Friday.  
  Food distribution  and other international  assistance had resumed.  UNHCR
was  combing the  surrounding hills  of the various  camps to  inform people
that it  was safe  to return.   The beginning of  a voluntary  repatriation,
under UNHCR, was getting underway.  On Friday a small convoy went to  Rwanda
with fewer than 100 people.
* * *

  The  United  States  delegation  will  go  to  the  Beijing  Fourth  World
Conference on Women to  promote equal opportunity between  men and women and
to stress that violence  against women is a crime.   Speaking as the head of
the  U.S.  delegation,   U.S.  Ambassador  Madeleine  Albright  today   told
correspondents that the release of American  human rights activist Harry  Wu
had  removed an obstacle  to U.S.-China  relations and  improved the climate
for U.S. participation  in the Conference.   She said  it had  not yet  been
decided  whether  First   Lady  Hillary  Rodham  Clinton  would  attend  the
Conference.

    Outlining U.S.  goals for the Conference,  Ambassador Albright said  the
United States wanted to promote and protect the  human rights of women,  end
violence  against  women, expand  women's  participation  in  political  and
economic  decision-making, ensure equal  access for  women to  education and
healthcare, and strengthen families through efforts  to balance the work and
family responsibilities of women and men.   The Clinton Adminstration  would
use  the Conference "to  underline the truth that  violence against women is
not cultural; it is criminal and we all have a responsibility to stop it".  

  The U.S.  Ambassador expressed  concern at  logistical difficulties  which
had  not  been  resolved  and  might   prevent  people  from  attending  the
Conference. She  had raised  the issue  with the  Secretary-General and  the
Chinese.  She would meet again today with the Chinese Ambassador to  discuss
the several hundred American NGO participants  who were still awaiting their
visas.   The U.S.  view was  that "we  understand the complexity  of hosting
such a  Conference, but  we could  not excuse  a deliberate  effort to  deny
visas to participants  who are peaceful but  who happen to embrace  policies
the  Chinese Government does not".   Mrs. Albright also expressed concern at
reports that China  had detained  human rights activists  in advance of  the
Conference.

* * *

  The  United  Nations Institute  for  Training  and Research  (UNITAR)  has
received a  contribution of geographic  information system software,  valued
in excess of $200,000, from the  Environmental Systems Research Institute of
Redlands,  California.   Copies  of  the  software  will  be distributed  to
participants in  UNITAR's national  information  systems training  workshops
this year in Viet Nam, Niger and Tanzania.

  The   donation  was  made   under  the   framework  of   a  memorandum  of
understanding signed  in July between the  California Institute and  UNITAR.
The agreement  also provides  for the  Institute's sharing  of expertise  in
geographic  information system  training and  research to  support  UNITAR's
training activities.  

* *** *


.
        

U.S. Congress stays clear of world parliament meet


(c) 1995 Copyright The News and Observer Publishing Co.
(c) 1995 Reuter Information Service

UNITED NATIONS (Sep 1, 1995 - 02:06 EDT) - No U.S.
member of Congress, Republican or Democrat, was sighted at
the United Nations this week when more than 250
parliamentarians from around the world marked the world body's
50th anniversary.

But their absense at a three-day conference of the 99-year-old
Inter-Parliamentary Union, of which the United States is a
member, was noted by colleagues, some of them angry, others
curious to meet newly elected Republican members of Congress.

U.S. legislators, organisers say, never said they were boycotting
the meeting, which ends on Friday. But they let invitations drift,
which to many amounted to the same thing.

"The absense of the United States from a conference held on its
own ground sends the wrong signals," said Sir Michael Marshall,
a British Conservative Party member of parliament and former
president of the IPU, which has 135 member states.

"To me it is very sad to see the United States moving away from
its leadership role ... and drift towards isolationism," he said.

The IPU, a network for legislators and not a U.N. body, aims to
promote democracy, investigate human rights abuses and hold
meetings twice a year to provide members, mainly concerned
with domestic legislation, a focus on global issues.

The late Claude Pepper, a Democratic member of Congress from
Florida, attended his first IPU conference in 1938 and led
bipartisan delegations in the 1980s. Since then Congress has
been less active and some want the United States to leave the
IPU.

In Washington, there was no comment from the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee or the House International Relations
Committee on Thursday, where staff said spokesmen had taken
off for the Labour Day weekend holiday.

One congressional source said the conference was organised
well after members had long made plans for their August recess
and said there was "no conspiracy" to boycott the meeting.

But Britain's Marshall said the New York event had been
planned two years ago and was timed to coincide with the recess
after U.S. legislators had argued against holding meetings while
Congress was in session.

Dr Ahmad Fathy Sorour, president of the Egypt's parliament and
the IPU, noted Washington's absense in his keynote speech,
saying: "I am sure that I speak for all in saying how sorry we are
that representatives of the United States Congress are not able
to be with us since their voice would have been heard with
particular pleasure and interest."

IPU meetings, held all over the world, are less diplomatic than
U.N. sessions. Some delegates freely criticised the U.N., calling
the Security Council undemocratic and urging reform of the
bureaucracy.

Another Briton, Allan Rogers of the Labour Party, noted the
United States was $1.2 billion in arrears to the United Nations,
whose presence generated more than $3 billion for New York
alone.

"I believe that the USA must learn that they cannot continue
wanting the United Nations only when their interests coincide or
they are threatened," he told the conference.

>> "I believe that the USA must learn that they cannot continue
>> wanting the United Nations only when their interests coincide or
>> they are threatened," he told the conference.
    
    He could have stopped after the word "Nations".
    
    Chris

    Well, since we pick up most of the funding for the UN, we should be
    able to be a bit choosey.  I'd prefer to stop funding (from our tax $$,
    which to me, is an unconstitutional expenditure) the UN outright.  It's
    a fairly useless organization- even laughable these days.
    
    Of course, I'm somewhat biased on this issue.  8^)
    
    
    -steve

    
> United States was $1.2 billion in arrears to the United Nations,
> whose presence generated more than $3 billion for New York
> alone.
    
    What are they gonna do?  Move?
    
    BWAHAHAHAAHAHAHAHAAHAHAHA..... I kill me!
    

                  1 September 1995(more)

Prepared by Central News            DH/1970
                     
F R I D A Y  H I G H L I G H T S

  *Secretary-General cancels  trip to  Beijing for  medical reasons;  Fourth
World Conference on Women opens Monday.

  *NATO pauses air operations over Bosnia;  United Nations and Bosnian Serbs
enter negotiations.

  *Secretary-General says Bosnian Serbs  violated international humanitarian
law in Srebrenica.

  *High  Commissioner for Refugees  arrives in  East Africa  for meetings in
Burundi, Tanzania, Zaire and Rwanda.

  *French UN civilian police monitor in Haiti shot by unidentified gunman.

  *Ambassador of  Guyana appeals for  increased international assistance  to
deal with gold mine disaster.

  *Subcommission on Minorities ends session in Geneva.

  *Six-member Council of State of Liberia is sworn in.

  *Speakers at NGO Meeting  on Palestine call on  Israel to comply with 1993
Declaration of Principles.

* * *

  Secretary-General  Boutros  Boutros-Ghali   has  cancelled  his  trip   to
Beijing, the Republic  of Korea, and Japan  for medical reasons.   According
to his  Spokesman, the decision  was taken on the  strongest possible advice
by doctors that he  not undertake a  trip of this length and nature  at this
time. He is suffering from the flu and a high  fever.  The Secretary-General
expressed regret  at the development; he  placed the  greatest importance on
the Women's Conference and had worked a great deal to ensure its success.

  In China, tens of thousands of people have gathered in and around  Beijing
for the Fourth World  Conference on Women and the  parallel NGO Forum.   The
Forum,  which began  on 30  August and  runs to 8  September, is  located in
Huairou outside of Beijing.

  Under-Secretary-General Ismat  Kittani will  open the official  Conference
Monday by  reading the Secretary-General's statement  at 3  p.m. local time.
A welcoming  ceremony takes  place that  morning in  the Great  Hall of  the
People in the centre of Beijing.  

  Participants will  hold a  general exchange  of views  in plenary  session
from 4  to 13 September.   Parallel  to the  plenary, a Main  Committee will
negotiate  the draft platform for  action, which will  then be considered by
the plenary on 14 and 15 September, the final days of the Conference.

  One of the  major challenges before the  Fourth World Conference on  Women
is  how  to  accelerate  application  of  the  1985  Nairobi Forward-Looking

Strategies  for the Advancement  of Women.   The draft  platform for action,
the  exact wording of which remains  to be agreed upon, aims  to establish a
basic group of  priority actions to be carried out over the next five years.
It  identifies strategic  objectives and  actions  in  12 critical  areas of
concern, which  relate generally  to poverty,  education, health,  violence,
armed  conflict,  economic  structures, power  sharing  and decision-making,
mechanisms  to promote the  advancement of  women; human  rights, the media,
the environment, and the girl child.

  The  Fourth  World  Conference  on  Women  is  part  of  a  continuum   of
international  conferences held  under United  Nations auspices  during  the
current  decade  to address  interrelated  problems  of economic  and social
development, human rights and other matters.

* * *

  NATO has paused air operations over Bosnia to assess attacks to date,  and
talks that were underway between  the United Nations and  the Bosnian Serbs.
According to a United  Nations Spokesman, the pause  was not a suspension of
the  NATO operation,  which  would only  be suspended  when  there  was full
agreement by Bosnian Serbs with United Nations conditions.

  UNPF Force  Commander Bernard  Janvier met  today with  Bosnian Serb  Army
General Ratko Mladic  to discuss the  withdrawal of  heavy weapons from  the
20kilometre exclusion  zone around  Sarajevo, the  cessation of  all attacks
and  threats of  attacks on  United  Nations safe  areas, and  an  immediate
cessation of hostilities.

  Thursday night,  targets around Gorazde and  Mostar were  attacked by NATO
aircraft, the Spokesman said.  The Rapid  Reaction Force continued to target
Bosnian Serb  positions around Sarajevo.  The aim of  the operation remained
the same -- to remove the  threat to the people of  Sarajevo.  More than 500
sorties had been flown since Wednesday.

   The United  Nations had  received some  reports that  Bosnian Serbs  were
moving some  heavy weapons  from  the exclusion  zone.    While this  was  a
positive development, it did not constitute an elimination of the threat  to
Sarajevo; far more was  needed.  The United Nations estimated that prior  to
the NATO operation, there were up to 300  Bosnian Serb heavy weapons  within
the exclusion zone.

* * *

  There  is  significant   evidence  that  Bosnian  Serb  forces   committed
substantial violations  of international humanitarian  law and human  rights
following the fall of Srebrenica on  11 July, including summary  executions.
That is the assessment of the Secretary-General in a report to the  Security
Council dated  30 August, in  which he says  an in-depth investigation  must
take place before more detailed and extensive conclusions can be drawn.

  Despite repeated  requests, Bosnian Serb  authorities have refused  access
to  persons  who  have  been  displaced  from  Srebrenica  and  Zepa.    The
SecretaryGeneral said the Security Council may  wish to reiterate its urgent
call to the Bosnian  Serb leadership to authorize immediate and full  access
to  the  displaced.    Such access  should  include  the possibility  of  an
impartial  international investigation.   Access  should also  be granted to
the International  Committee of  the Red  Cross  to visit  and register  any
persons detained against their will.  

* * *

  United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees  Sadako Ogata has arrived in
East Africa  on her mission, which  was requested  by the Secretary-General,
to facilitate the voluntary return of refugees from Zaire.

  According to  a United  Nations Spokesman,  Mrs. Ogata was  in Burundi  on

Friday having a number of internal  meetings, primarily with United  Nations
personnel;  she also  went  to  the Zaire  border  where she  saw  some  100
volunteer returnees  cross the border.   On Saturday,  she was  scheduled to
meet with  highlevel Government officials in  Burundi, as  well as Tanzanian
officials in Arusha.  On Monday, Mrs. Ogata was to travel to  Rwanda to meet
with senior government officials.   Tuesday, she was  expected to be  in the
Goma  and Bukavu  camps and  Wednesday  should  would tentatively  meet with
senior Zairian officials.

* * *

  A French civilian police  monitor of the  United Nations Mission in  Haiti
(UNMIH) was shot by  an unidentified gunman this morning outside of his home
southwest of Port  au Prince.  According to  a United Nations Spokesman,  he
was medically evacuated to  Miami, where he was  reported to be  in critical
condition with three bullet wounds and was undergoing surgery.

   The Frenchman  was the first member  of the UN mission  to be shot  since
the United Nations took over  on 31 March from the  multinational force.  An
investigation of the incident was underway.

* * *

  The  Permanent  Representative  of  Guyana  to the  United  Nations  today
appealed  for  increased  international  assistance  to  help  mitigate  the
effects of  the recent  gold mine disaster,  which had  polluted two  rivers
with cyanide.

  Speaking to the press, Ambassador Samuel  Insanally said the situation was
now under  some control.   Recent analyses showed  that there  had been some
reduction  of contamination.   The Government  had sent  scientists into the
area; the company itself  had dispatched a team of experts and samples  were
being taken constantly.

  He said the gold mine, a  multinational company owned mainly  by Canadians
and Americans, was the  largest in Latin America.   Fortunately, there  were
no reported fatalities but  all aquatic life  was thought to be dead  in the
Omai River.

  The Government had established a disaster  control team, and a  commission
of inquiry to find out what  went wrong.   The mine was closed until it  was
decided  that operations could be  safely resumed.  The  economic impact was
quite serious, not only for the gold mine  itself but also for the  Guyanese
fishing  industry.    Some  countries  in  the  region  had  halted imports;
however, less than one percent  of fish came from the spill area and exports
were not contaminated, he said.

  Given Guyana's high  debt, Ambassador Insanally said  it did not have  the
resources to  counter the  environmental disaster  and needed  international
assistance to  monitor on-going environmental effects.   He  said the United
Nations  Development   Programme  was  actively   engaged  in  helping   the
Government respond to the crisis.  

  For  the long  term, he  said it  was  time  to develop  partnerships with
transnational   corporations,   where  all   partners   had   a   sense   of
responsibility. He  voiced support for a  code of  conduct for transnational
corporations and  said developed  countries should  assist small  developing
countries with issues related to environmental and development.

* * *

  The  forty-seventh   session  of  the   Subcommission  on  Prevention   of
Discrimination  and  Protection  of  Minorities  has  concluded  in  Geneva.
During  four-weeks  of meetings,  the  Subcommission  adopted more  than  50
resolutions and decisions,  two Chairman's statements  and a joint statement
with the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.

   The Subcommission  condemned continued human  rights violations in  Iraq,
Iran, Rwanda, former Yugoslavia, and Kosovo.  It passed two measures on  the
Middle  East,  one supporting  the  peace  process  between  Israel and  the
Palestine  Liberation Organization,  and  another calling  for  respect  for
human  rights in the Israeli occupied Arab territories and compliance by the
Palestinian authority with all current international norms in human rights.

  The Subcommission recommended that one of its  experts be appointed by the
Commission on  Human Rights to investigate  cases of  systematic rape during
armed conflict,  and that the  Commission designate an  expert to look  into
allegations of  commercial trafficking in human organs and tissues.  A joint
statement with the  Committee on  the Elimination  of Racial  Discrimination
called  for mobilization of all efforts to  eliminate racial discrimination,
xenophobia, and related intolerance, and for  the speedy establishment of  a
permanent international criminal court to prosecute perpetrators of  massive
violations of human rights.

  A  statement by the  Chairman condemned  hostage-taking and  the murder of
hostages,  mentioning,  among other  particulars,  the  recent murder  of  a
Norwegian  hostage by terrorists  in Jammu  and Kashmir.   The Subcommission
also  adopted  a  resolution  on  prevention  of  incitement  to  hatred and
genocide, particularly  by  the media,  noting the  role played  by a  radio
station  operating from  Zaire in  inciting  racial hatred  among  Burundi's
citizens.   The  measure condemned  "the  role  increasingly played  by some
print or audiovisual media in inciting genocidal hatred".

  In  closing  statements,  Jose  Ayala  Lasso,  the  United  Nations   High
Commissioner for Human  Rights, called upon States  to pay more attention to
human   rights  and  to   support  the   efforts  of   the  United  Nations.
Subcommission  Chairman Ioan  Maxim  (Romania) said  serious  violations  of
human rights  continued every  day, endangering  the lives  of millions;  to
better  approach current  challenges,  the Subcommission  should  give  more
serious consideration to revising its work methods.

* * *

  The  six-member  Council of  State  of  Liberia was  sworn  in  today,  in
accordance with last month's peace agreement,  according to a United Nations
Spokesman .   The  Council of  State will  be in  power for  one year  while
elections are organized.   

  The High Commissioner for Refugees says  some 12,000 refugees have already
returned to Liberia  spontaneously within the last  month.  A UNHCR  mission
is going to  Liberia to assess the requirements  and will begin a  programme
for the voluntary return of up to 800,000 refugees.

* * *

   Speakers at  the United Nations  International NGO  Meeting and  European
NGO Symposium in  Vienna have called on  Israel to meet its responsibilities
in compliance  with the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government
Arrangements  signed with  the Palestine  Liberation Organization  (PLO)  in
1993.

  Hashem  Mahameed,  a  member  of  the  Israeli  Knesset,  said  Israel was
disregarding  the  Declaration's  two  fundamental  tenets  --Israeli  troop
withdrawal  and  Palestinian  sovereignty  over  territory.    A  number  of
speakers supported that view.

  Speakers  also  blamed  Jewish settlements,  delays in  the  withdrawal of
Israeli troops  from Palestinian territories  and detainment of  Palestinian
prisoners for the current stalemate in  negotiations.  The four-day  meeting
ends today.


* *** *


.

    
       Castro will address the UN in NYC.  The Helms commitee backed off,
     and State is OK'ing the visa.  Dunno the dates.
    
       bb

    
    Get set for Fidel-mania!
    

    
      "Sorry about the communism, folks.  It was all just a big
     misunderstanding..."
    
       bb

       "Sorry about the economic strangulation, Fidel, long after you
       posed even the remotest threat to the US, and even though we have
       lots of trade with Central American governments that are far more
       contemptuous of human rights than you could ever dream of.
       
       "Oh, yeah, and sorry, too, about those fellas who tried to
       overthrow your government.  But don't worry -- we got those folks
       and locked several of 'em up in '74."

 "Hey, I just flew in from Cuba..and boy are my arms tired..now take 
 my wife...please..seriously folks...





 

    >> ...the U.S. Army
    >> has charged a 22-year-old medic with disobeying a lawful order for
    >> refusing to wear the U.N. blue beret and patch.
    
    "Lawful order", eh?  That's the whole crux of the matter, because:
    
    >> The medic contends he swore allegiance to the United States and not the
    >> United Nations when he joined the service.
    
    
    Yes, let's have a great big court-martial and finally get this out
    into the open once and for all.  They'd probably just like to quietly
    discipline him and have the whole mess go away, but then they'll
    just have to deal with it next time.
    
    Of course, we know what the outcome will be, but at least they'll
    have to go on the record.
    
    Chris

       re .90:
       
       > NanDo
       
       NandO.  (News and Observer)
       
       Nnttm, hth, yes.
       
       --Mr Topaz

       My attorney will be in touch.

    I recently did a report on EDI for school and was surprised how heavily
    entrenched the U.N. is in technology standards.
    
    Mike

    Read "Lords of the Rim" of Sterling Seagrave for an interesting
    perspective on Chiang-kai Check.  Apparently Truman called him
    Generalissimo Cash-my Check.
    

FWIW

Where Does the Money Go?
------------------------
As the United Nations receives extensive media attention during its
50th anniversary, the international organization cries for more
money almost daily. UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali has
remarked that if the UN is truly to be an effective "peace"
organization it needs the funds pledged by member countries. This
money would go to such worthy projects as helping starving children
in Africa and providing medical supplies to the Third World, right?
Not exactly.

A recent report by Money magazine revealed that UN employees
receive a hefty slice of the pie provided by U.S. taxpayers.
According to Money, an average mid-level accountant working in the
private sector receives a salary of $41,964 with 16 vacation days.
The same accountant, if he worked for the UN, would receive $84,500
with 30 days vacation.

Not only are UN wages tax-free, but UN employees also receive a
$12,675 education grant per child if they serve in a different
country. In addition to their free parking and diplomatic immunity
in New York, high ranking UN officials receive a housing subsidy.

The UN also maintains an extremely generous pension plan for its
employees. An employee who stays with the UN for 30 years would
receive $1.8 million upon retirement. Money magazine also notes
that the UN secretary-general receives a $340,000 annual salary,
$140,000 more than the President of the United States. Money aptly
concluded: "It's the U.N.'s birthday, but its employees get the
gifts."

Source: The New American
	Insider Report
	November 13, 1995

104th CONGRESS
1st Session
 H. R. 2535

To provide for withdrawal of the United States from the United Nations.

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
October 25, 1995

Mr. SCARBOROUGH introduced the following bill; which was referred to the 
Committee on International Relations

A BILL

To provide for withdrawal of the United States from the United Nations.

  Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
  This Act may be cited as the `United Nations Withdrawal Act of 1995'.

SEC. 2. REPEAL OF UNITED NATIONS PARTICIPATION ACT.
  (a) REPEAL- Effective 4 years after the date of the enactment of this Act,
the United Nations Participation Act of 1945 (Public Law 79-264) is 
repealed.
  (b) CLOSURE OF UNITED STATES MISSION TO UNITED NATIONS- Effective 4 years
after the date of the enactment of this Act, the United States Mission to 
the United Nations shall be closed and all staff and any remaining functions
of such office shall be carried out through the Secretary of State and the 
Department of State.
  (c) NOTICE- Not later than 1 year before the effective date of the repeal
under subsection (a), the Secretary of State shall notify the United Nations
of the withdrawal of the United States from the United Nations as of the
effective date of the repeal under subsection (a).

SEC. 3. REPEAL OF UNITED NATIONS HEADQUARTERS AGREEMENT ACT.
  (a) REPEAL- Effective 4 years after the date of the enactment of this Act,
the United Nations Headquarters Agreement Act (Public Law 80-357) is 
repealed.
  (b) NOTICE- Not later than 1 year before the effective date of the repeal
under subsection (a), the Secretary of State shall notify the United Nations
that the United States will unilaterally withdraw from the agreement between
the United States of America and the United Nations regarding the 
headquarters of the United Nations (signed at Lake Success, New York, on 
June 26, 1947, which was brought into effect by the United Nations 
Headquarters Agreement Act) as of the effective date of the repeal under 
subsection (a).
  (c)NEGOTIATIONS FOR NEW AGREEMENT- It is the sense of the Congress that 
the President should enter into such negotiations as are necessary for a new
agreement with the United Nations for essential and necessary services such
as utilities and police protection and compensation for such services.  Any
such new agreement shall be submitted to the Congress for approval prior to
implementation.

SEC. 4. UNITED STATES ASSESSED AND VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE UNITED
NATIONS.
  (a) REDUCTION- Except as provided in subsection (c), for the first fiscal
year beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act and for each of 
the 3 subsequent fiscal years, the total amount which is authorized to be
appropriated or otherwise made available for assessed and voluntary 
contributions of the United States to the United Nations shall be the total
amount appropriated or otherwise made available for the previous fiscal year
reduced by 25 percent.
  (b) TERMINATION- For any fiscal year beginning more than 4 years after the
date of the enactment of this Act, no funds are authorized to be 
appropriated or otherwise made available for assessed or voluntary 
contributions of the United States to the United Nations.
  (c) LIMITATION- The provisions of this section shall not apply to any 
independent or voluntary agency of the United Nations.

SEC. 5. SPECIAL ENVOY.
  (a) SPECIAL ENVOY- Effective 4 years after the date of the enactment of 
this Act, the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
shall appoint a special envoy to represent the United States in all matters
concerning the United States and the International Atomic Energy Agency and
the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, who shall have the rank of ambassador.
  (b) PROHIBITION- Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the duties 
and functions of the special envoy appointed pursuant to subsection (a) 
shall be limited to representation of the United States in matters 
concerning the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Nuclear 
Non-Proliferation Treaty.

SEC. 6. UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS.
  (a) REDUCTIONS- For the first fiscal year beginning after the date of the
enactment of this Act and for each of the 3 subsequent fiscal years, the 
total amount which is authorized to be appropriated or otherwise made 
available for United States assessed or voluntary contributions for 
peacekeeping operations of the United Nations shall not exceed the amount 
appropriated or otherwise made available for such peacekeeping operations 
for fiscal year 1995.
  (b) TERMINATION- For any fiscal year beginning more than 4 years after the
date of the enactment of this Act, no funds are authorized to be 
appropriated or otherwise made available for any United States contribution
to any United Nations peacekeeping operation.
  (c) LIMITATIONS ON UNITED STATES PARTICIPATION IN UNITED NATIONS 
PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS- For any fiscal year beginning more than 4 years 
after the date of the enactment of this Act, no funds may be obligated or 
expended to support the participation of any member of the Armed Forces of 
the United States as part of any United Nations peacekeeping operation or 
force.

SEC. 7. REPEAL OF UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC, AND CULTURAL
ORGANIZATION ACT.
  (a) REPEAL- Effective 4 years after the date of the enactment of this Act,
the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Act 
(Public Law 79-565) is repealed.
  (b) NOTICE- Not later than 1 year before the effective date of the repeal
under subsection (a), the Secretary of State shall notify the United Nations
that the United States will withdraw from membership in the United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization as of the effective date
of the repeal under subsection (a).

SEC. 8. SENSE OF CONGRESS REGARDING UNITED NATIONS HEADQUARTERS PRESENCE IN
THE UNITED STATES.
  It is the sense of the Congress that the United States should request the
withdrawal of the United Nations headquarters (and its affiliated missions)
from the United States.

	[end of Resolution]
 -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -

    
    What do you think the likelyhood of this happening is though?
    
    :-{
    

    
      There are not enough votes in the US Congress to withdraw from
     the UN.
    
      There is a hefty majority for refusing to pay up all the UN is
     assessing us, because the view is that the organization desperately
     needs a big layoff and appropriate downsizing.  There are horror
     stories of billions in waste, fraud, and abuse.
    
      bb

       > refusing to pay up all the UN is assessing us
       
       The US is the only deadbeat among the industrialized nations. 
       Nice.

    
    
    So let them kick us out for non-payment....
    

    re: .99
    
    
    A nice thought, but I don't really see this happening.  8^{

    Is this Scarborough guy running for President?  If not, why not? :-)
    
    Chris

    >   The US is the only deadbeat among the industrialized nations. 
    
     Of course, we are expected to shoulder 1/4 of the entire burden...

    Ya, and he say's it like it's some bad thing.
    
    Kinda like "well, everyone else is doing it, so why not us?"

    I like the idea of letting them kick us out.  
    
    Of where?  New York City?  HA!
    
    I must admit, though giving them NYC in return for not belonging to the
    UN is a small price to pay.  We should throw in DC, too...

Bosnian constitution highlights

---------- Forwarded message ----------
Subject: Annex04 Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina (fwd)

Some provisions of the Constitution.

CONSTITUTION OF BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA

PREAMBLE

Based on respect for human dignity, liberty, and equality,

Dedicated to peace, justice, tolerance, and reconciliation,

Convinced that democratic governmental institutions and fair
procedures best produce peaceful relations within a pluralist
society,

Desiring to promote the general welfare and economic growth
through the protection of private property and the promotion of a
market economy,

Guided by the Purposes and Principles of the Charter of the
United Nations,
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Committed to the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and
political independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina in accordance
with international law,

Determined to ensure full respect for international humanitarian
law,                                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Inspired by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the Declaration on the
Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and
Linguistic Minorities, as well as other human rights instruments,

Recalling the Basic Principles agreed in Geneva on September 8,
1995, and in New York on September 26, 1995,

[text omitted]

Article II

Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

1. Human Rights. Bosnia and Herzegovina and both Entities shall
ensure the highest level of internationally recognized human
rights and fundamental freedoms. To that end, there shall be a
Human Rights Commission for Bosnia and Herzegovina as provided
for in Annex 6 to the General Framework Agreement.

2. International Standards. The rights and freedoms set forth in
the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms and its Protocols shall apply directly in
Bosnia and Herzegovina. These shall have priority over all other
law.

3. Enumeration of Rights.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 All persons within the territory of
Bosnia and Herzegovina shall enjoy the human rights and
fundamental freedoms referred to in paragraph 2 above; these
include:

(a) The right to life.

(b) The right not to be subjected to torture or to inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment.

(c) The right not to be held in slavery or servitude or to
perform forced or compulsory labor.

(d) The rights to liberty and security of person.

(e) The right to a fair hearing in civil and criminal matters,
and other rights relating to criminal proceedings.

(f) The right to private and family life, home, and
correspondence.

(g) Freedom of thought, conscience, and religion.

(h) Freedom of expression.

(i) Freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association with
others.

(j) The right to marry and to found a family.

(k) The right to property.

(l) The right to education.

(m) The right to liberty of movement and residence.

4. Non-Discrimination. The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms
provided for in this Article or in the international agreements
listed in Annex I to this Constitution shall be secured to all
persons in Bosnia and Herzegovina without discrimination on any
ground such as sex, race, color, language, religion, political or
other opinion, national or social origin, association with a
national minority, property, birth or other status.

5. Refugees and Displaced Persons. All refugees and displaced
persons have the right freely to return to their homes of origin.
They have the right, in accordance with Annex 7 to the General
Framework Agreement, to have restored to them property of which
they were deprived in the course of hostilities since 1991 and to
be compensated for any such property that cannot be restored to
them. Any commitments or statements relating to such property
made under duress are null and void.

6. Implementation. Bosnia and Herzegovina, and all courts,
agencies, governmental organs, and instrumentalities operated by
or within the Entities, shall apply and conform to the human
rights and fundamental freedoms referred to in paragraph 2 above.

7. International Agreements. Bosnia and Herzegovina shall remain
or become party to the international agreements listed in Annex I
to this Constitution.

8. Cooperation. All competent authorities in Bosnia and
Herzegovina shall cooperate with and provide unrestricted access
to: any international human rights monitoring mechanisms
established for Bosnia and Herzegovina; the supervisory bodies
established by any of the international agreements listed in
Annex I to this Constitution; the International Tribunal for the
Former Yugoslavia (and in particular shall comply with orders
issued pursuant to Article 29 of the Statute of the Tribunal);
and any other organization authorized by the United Nations
Security Council with a mandate concerning human rights or
humanitarian law.

[text omitted]

Article VI

Constitutional Court

1. Composition. The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and
Herzegovina shall have nine members.

(a) Four members shall be selected by the House of
Representatives of the Federation, and two members by the
Assembly of the Republika Srpska. The remaining three members
                                    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
shall be selected by the President of the European Court of Human
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Rights after consultation with the Presidency.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

[text omitted]

Article X

Amendment

1. Amendment Procedure. This Constitution may be amended by a
decision of the Parliamentary Assembly, including a two-thirds
majority of those present and voting in the House of
Representatives.

2. Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. No amendment to this
                                          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Constitution may eliminate or diminish any of the rights and
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
freedoms referred to in Article II of this Constitution or alter
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
the present paragraph.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

ANNEX I

ADDITIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AGREEMENTS TO BE APPLIED IN BOSNIA AND
HERZEGOVINA

1. 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime
of Genocide

2. 1949 Geneva Conventions I-IV on the Protection of the Victims
of War, and the 1977 Geneva Protocols I-II thereto

3. 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the
1966 Protocol thereto

4. 1957 Convention on the Nationality of Married Women

5. 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness

6. 1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination

7. 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and
the 1966 and 1989 Optional Protocols thereto

8. 1966 Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
9. 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women

10. 1984 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment

11. 1987 European Convention on the Prevention of Torture and
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

12. 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child

13. 1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights
of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

14. 1992 European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

15. 1994 Framework Convention for the Protection of National
Minorities

[remainder of text omitted]

_________________________________________________________________
Text of Dayton Agreement, 21 Nov 95.  Source: DOSFAN gopher
title: Annex04      Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina
gopher.igc.org/11/peace/yugo

    I, uh, ... who wrote this Constitution?  And I wonder why the United
    Nations is mentioned specifically by name in there.  It would give
    me the crawling creeps to see the United Nations mentioned in our
    constitution...
    
    In other Bosnian news, it's interesting to see that the injury of a
    single American soldier in Bosnia was reported as a front-page story
    in the newspaper.  Kind of quaint, actually.  I wonder if they'll
    be reporting single injuries as front-page stories a year from now.
    
    Chris

>    In other Bosnian news, it's interesting to see that the injury of a
>    single American soldier in Bosnia was reported as a front-page story
>    in the newspaper.  

    It was that way with the Gulf War too.  What you need to do is take the
    casualty count and subtract how many deaths and injuries would happen
    if all these people were on vacation instead.

    -- Dave

    Yes, but what I meant was that I don't think the newspapers will
    be reporting a single injury on the front page a year from now
    when we may have many soldiers being killed every week.
    
    I know, always the pessimist...
    
    Chris

<forwarded message>
    
 People, this ia a done deal. Below is a copy of the letter of trasmittal
written and signed by president George Bush. A tax treaty was signed and 
approved by the 101st. Congress, 1st. Session. It is through the COUNCIL OF 
EUROPE-OECD CONVENTION ON MUTUAL ADMINISTRATION IN TAX MATTERS.
To wit:
                   
                    LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
        
                                      The White House, November 8, 1989

  To the Senate  of the United States:
     I transmit herewith for the Senate advise and consent to retification a 
Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters, amomng menber 
States of the council of Europe and the Organization for Economic 
C0-operation and Development (OCED), done at Strasbourg, January 25, 1988, 
and signed by the United States in Paris on June 28,1989. I also transmitt 
the report of the Department of State on the convention.
     Under the convention, Parties will exchange information for the 
assessment, recovery, and enforcement of tax(es) and tax claims, and to 
assist in the prosecution of a taxpayer. The United States will exchange 
information on taxes on income or peofits, capitol hains, or net wealth 
imposed by the Federal Government and, in keeping with the U.S. Model Treaty,
will not exchange information on State or local taxes.
     The taxpayer protections available under the convention are at least as 
extensive as under the U.S. Model Treaty. Information provided by the United 
States to another party may not be released to a third party without consent.
     The convention also provides for assistance in the recovery of taxes 
for assistance in service of documents. The United States has chosen to 
reserve on these provisions, in accordance with the options available to all 
Signatories.
     I recommend the Senate give early and favorable consideration to the 
comvention and give ita advice and consent to ratification.......
                                                  GEORGE BUSH        
                          
Anyone wanting to know how to obtain a copy of this document please contact 
me personally.......

__________________
>(forward)---------------->>  NEW WORLD TAXES  <<------------------(forward)
>|                                                                         |
>|           UNITED NATION'S LEADER CALLS FOR GLOBAL TAXATION              |
>|_________________________________________________________________________|
>
>Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the Secretary General of the United Nations, 
>stated yesterday that the United Nations must launch a campaign of global
>plunder, i.e., global taxation, so as to eliminate the United Nation's
>dependence on voluntary contributions of individual nations.
>
>Mr. Boutros Ghali said in an interview with the British Broadcasting Corp. 
>that with UN power to tax in hand,
>
> 	 ``We would not be under the daily financial will 
>	   of member states who are unwilling to pay up.'' 
>
>Supreme Leader Ghali is right, why should the UN be ``UNDER the will,'' of
>anybody? No, the UN must be reign OVER the will of every person and nation
>on the earth. Why should the UN have to degrade itself by * asking * for
>financial aid? The UN must be able to hold a gun to the head of the  
>entire planet and say,``pay up or else.''
>
>Targets for UN taxation/plunder include: (a) national military budgets, (b)
>air-travel, (c) sea travel, (d) fossil fuels, (e) wealth, (f) international
>financial transactions.  You get less of what you tax. For example, if you
>tax investment, there are less investments: economics 101. Therefore, the UN
>tax plans sound like the UN would like to reduce the physical and financial
>mobility of its subjects. 
>
>But most significantly it seems that the UN would like to reduce the ability
>of its subject nations -- or as Ghali calls them ``states'' -- to defend
>themselves by taxing their investment in self-defense. What is more,
>according to the American Policy Center's INSIDER'S REPORT, monies raised
>from a military spending tax are planned to go directly to the UN's ``Global
>Militarization Fund,'' which will be the UN's own military police force.
>After all, tax collection requires a military police force adequate to 
>crush all resistance.
>
>
[email protected]
***************************************************************************
 "Fiat justitia ruat coelum........" When the skies begin to fall, Justice 
removes the blindfold from her eyes and tilts the scales.