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Digital Equipment Corp.: Can Open Systems Save Digital?
The computer maker has bounced back from layoffs and cutbacks. Now, under CEO
Robert Palmer's direction, it's betting future growth and profits on a risky
open systems strategy.
By Caryn Gillooly and Brian Gillooly
Issue date: Sept. 25, 1995
Robert Palmer, head of Digital Equipment, is a happy man these days. With some
of the most drastic layoffs and severe spending cuts the computer industry has
ever seen now behind him, Palmer has brought this riches-to-rags vendor back
into the black. "I'm having fun now," says Palmer, CEO, president, and
chairman of the Maynard, Mass., company.
Things have been going Palmer's way. In April, Oracle Corp. announced plans to
port its flagship database product to Digital's Alpha platform based on RISC
(reduced instruction-set computing) technology. In August, Digital reported
its first profitable year since 1990. Also, after five quarters of consecutive
losses, the computer maker closed its third straight profitable quarter. "That
felt good," Palmer says.
Much of Digital's gains are due to aggressive reductions in staff, real
estate, and spending. To wit, Palmer passed out plastic beverage coasters at a
recent meeting and quipped: "We're using these to save money."
The Next Challenge
Now, with little fat left to trim, Palmer faces his next challenge. Digital
has focused on open systems products and services, and the company will rise
or fall on its ability to make that strategy work. "Everything we are
investing in, everything we are looking to for the future, centers around
multivendor protocols, different operating systems, and different applications
and platforms working efficiently in an open, networked, distributed computing
environment," Palmer says.
But betting the entire business on open systems is risky. The strategy has
worked for Hewlett-Packard and, to a lesser extent, IBM. But among Digital's
neighbors on the Route 128 high-tech corridor are former
high-flyers--including Wang Laboratories and Data General--that shifted to
open systems in the late '80s and early '90s but failed to recapture their
former magic.
Bill Milton, deputy partner of brokerage Brown Brothers Harriman in New York,
says Digital's relatively flat 1995 revenue was "very unimpressive,"
especially in a booming market for computer equipment. "The question isn't
just whether they can remain profitable," he says. "It's also whether they can
keep their revenue growing."
Milton questions the long-term prospects for Digital's Alpha chip. "That's
where their growth potential is; it's nowhere else. The company has done a
superb job of developing great technology, and it's a shame so few customers
and licensees have expressed any great interest in it."
Adds Doug Van Dorsten, an analyst with brokerage Hambrecht & Quist in San
Francisco: "The open question about Digital is: Can they give customers
options and get them to stick with the company, and not just a product? I
don't think they've answered that."
Today, three of Digital's five major product lines are troubled. The Alpha
chip, though a growing business, has failed to attract a significant number of
large accounts. The PC business slowed dramatically in the last quarter,
growing by only 20% after doubling in each of the previous three quarters--and
the proprietary VMS operating system, the software heart of Digital's VAX
computers, is dying. Two main areas, networking and services, remain healthy,
but neither is likely to bring in enough profit and revenue to make Digital
the big-time player it once was.
All this complicates matters for technology managers evaluating Digital as a
potential supplier. Yes, Digital is coming back. But with industry analysts
disappointed by Digital's fourth-quarter results and worried about its ability
to grow, the company's future is anything but certain.
What's clearer is how far Digital, at one time the No. 2 computer vendor, had
fallen. In late 1992, when Palmer took over from Ken Olsen, Digital's founder
and then-president and CEO, the company was spiraling downward. In its core
market--midrange systems selling for $25,000 to $750,000--Digital's market
share plummeted to 8% in 1994 from 14.5% just one year earlier, according to
Dataquest Inc., a research firm in San Jose, Calif. HP, which in 1993 sat
behind Digital with 12.5% of the market, zoomed past in '94 with an 18% share.
Meanwhile, the downturn in Digital's financial results reached frightening
proportions. For its fiscal years 1991 through 1994, Digital lost nearly $6
billion. Even the profits reported for fiscal 1995, which ended July 1, were
less than overwhelming: $121.8 million, or less than 1% of Digital's $13.8
billion in revenue.
Palmer wants to differentiate Digital from the pack and restore its status as
one of the industry's most influential companies. Though Digital could
continue to survive as a middle-of-the-pack player, that's not what Palmer
wants. "We can make this company big again," he says.
The Agenda
Palmer has an agenda for Digital. Phase one, now complete, consisted mostly of
cutting the work force, expenses, and even real estate. Along with that came
the start of a cultural shift within the company. One of the most dramatic
changes: 140 business units were consolidated into just eight.
Phase two involves taking that internal focus and directing it toward open
systems. The first part of the open systems strategy has involved finally
coming to terms with the fact that customers work in multivendor environments.
Next, Digital hopes to provide the connectivity tools and services to support
those environments. It will do this by offering a variety of hardware
platforms--powered by both Intel and RISC chips--and by forming partnerships
with third-party software providers to offer customers a choice of
applications to run on those platforms. Digital also will open up previously
proprietary products and make them comply with industry standards.
The brightest star in Digital's open systems galaxy is its services business.
It's highly praised by customers because, unlike competitors' services units,
the focus is on providing systems integration, service, and support for
multiple vendors' products--all without pushing Digital's own gear.
The business unit, known as Digital's Multivendor Customer Services, was
launched in 1993. It independently provides complete life-cycle support
services, including help with analysis, planning and design, installation and
startup, management and networking, education, and client-server outsourcing.
The business unit is now the company's largest, generating more than 40% of
Digital's overall sales, or more than $5 billion a year. "When we became our
own business unit, it threw off what seemed like 100 years of shackles," says
John Rando, the unit's VP in Stow, Mass.
More important, much of the services unit's success actually stems from
supporting multivendor environments. Nearly a third of its business comes from
multivendor accounts. For example, the group provides on-site support for Dell
Computer and is a solutions provider for Microsoft and Novell. It services
more non-Digital PCs than Digital PCs by a 2-to-1 ratio, according to Rando.
He expects the unit to get more than half its business from multivendor
accounts by 1997.
Rando has resorted to some unconventional measures to ensure that the unit's
22,000 employees keep their multivendor focus. "We've played the game
'Scruples' to teach people how Digital should act, to make sure they stick to
our multivendor focus on service and support," he says.
It seems to be working. U.S. Corporate Bank, a Chicago unit of Bank of
Montreal, awarded a contract to Digital three years ago and still likes the
vendor's unbiased approach, says Michael Frow, VP and chief credit officer.
"We put out an RFP and received proposals from a number of very well-known
names," he says. "IBM was one of them, but Digital stood out."
Frow says Digital was the only vendor that listened to U.S. Corporate Bank's
needs. "Everyone else, without exception, tried to transform what we wanted to
do to meet their own product lines," he says.
Industry analysts predict that Digital's services organization may turn out to
be one of its most competitive assets. "Although IBM, HP, and Sun all offer
professional services, those companies seem to wrap their services around
their own products more tightly than Digital," says Jonathan Eunice, president
of Illuminata, a research firm in Nashua, N.H. "Digital doesn't even use its
Digital name in its services business."
Networking is another business helping Palmer. Digital's networking unit
offersproducts ranging from stackable hubs to routers to a high-end
intelligent hub that supports cutting-edge technologies like ATM (asynchronous
transfer mode). Hardly visible on the industry's radar screen, Digital's
networking unit holds the No. 2 and No. 3 market positions in two vital
areas--routers and hubs. "People don't realize how significant we are in the
networking business," says Charles Christ, VP and general manager of Digital's
components division. "Networking is a key part of our future thrust."
That success has come with little or no marketing--a situation that's
changing, says Richard Lush, marketing manager in Digital's network business.
In the past, networking products were marketed by other company divisions, he
says, but "now we have 200-plus salespeople commissioned to sell these
products."
The networking division will soon deliver a key product: the EnVISN
architecture, announced earlier this year. EnVISN will use existing hardware
and new software to help customers migrate to open virtual networking. Digital
also is working to ensure that its networking products operate with those of
competing vendors.
On the desktop and server side of Digital's house, the cornerstone is Alpha,
its 64-bit RISC workstation architecture. Alpha product sales grew by 32% in
Digital's fiscal 1995. "There's no reason to expect that to slow down," says
Palmer.
Palmer believes that Digital's head start in the 64-bit market will pay
off--especially with deals like the one with Oracle. "We're at least two years
ahead of our competition," Palmer says. "Oracle is the first application to
support 64-bit, and that took three years to accomplish. My competitors have
yet to ship one."
In fact, several vendors--including IBM and HP--announced on Aug. 15 that they
intend to support a standard 64-bit Unix API (applications programming
interface). But that technology isn't expected to surface until at least
mid-1996. By then, Palmer says, "we'll have shipped $4 billion or $5 billion
worth of 64-bit systems and services before they ship one."
So far, the Alpha machines have found homes mainly in small accounts. While
Digital desperately needs to sell the workstations to large customers,
customer satisfaction has been high. "The Alpha will carry the load we place
on it very, very well," says Bill Graves, an independent consultant with the
Michigan Livestock Exchange in East Lansing, which acquired one of the first
Alphas running Microsoft Windows NT.
Digital's partnerships, key to Palmer's overall strategy, should help the
Alpha cause. On Aug. 2, Digital announced a biggie: an alliance with Microsoft
to co-develop and co-market their respective Alpha hardware and NT Server
operating systems. Digital will support NT running on Alpha as well as Intel
platforms, in both enterprise environments and large systems-integration
deals. Microsoft promises to help build applications support for the Alpha
platform by releasing Alpha-based versions of its products at the same time it
releases NT-based versions.
Although the two companies refuse to discuss the financial terms, Bill Gates,
Microsoft's chairman and CEO, says his company made a "substantial" investment
to help Digital train 1,500 additional NT-certified professionals. In
exchange, Digital will, over the next two years, beef up its NT support staff
to more than 2,300 employees. That will make Digital the single largest NT
support organization, with more NT-certified professionals than Microsoft
itself.
Digital expects NT to become increasingly important. While NT accounted for
only 10% of Digital's Alpha sales in the fourth quarter of fiscal '95, it's
the fastest-growing segment of Alpha sales, with 100% annual growth. (Digital
Unix and OpenVMS hold equal shares of the remaining 90% of Alpha sales.)
Today, about a third of low-end AlphaServer 100 systems and more than 10% of
the midrange AlphaServer 2100 are bundled with NT, says Pauline Nist,
Digital's VP of Alpha systems. She estimates that by the year 2000, 40% of
servers sold industrywide will include NT, another 40% will be Unix-based, and
20% will use proprietary software. She expects Digital's sales to track
similarly.
Digital's relationship with database giant Oracle also should encourage
developers to build applications for the Alpha platform. "All of a sudden,
other companies want to talk to us about partnerships, competency centers, and
joint marketing," Palmer says. "We were trying to get in the door before, and
now the phone's ringing. It's a very different dynamic."
Alpha, Or Omega?
Despite ringing endorsements from Microsoft and Oracle, however, few customers
perceive the Alpha platform as strategic. They also suspect that most
applications will run on Intel platforms first. "Microsoft says it will
develop applications for Alpha, but other vendors aren't going to be as
supportive," says an information technology employee in Shell Oil Co.'s
corporate division who requested anonymity. The division uses more than 100
VAX systems.
Also, Digital is flying solo in its effort to expand the chip side of its
Alpha RISC platform. Among its competitors, HP signed with Intel to produce a
next-generation x86 chip, while IBM and Motorola busily push the PowerPC. "Our
competitors," Palmer says, "tout the chip that's going to come out next year
that will be as good as what Digital shipped last year. Very impressive."
But Digital's Alpha-Intel strategy won't mean much unless the company gets its
PC business, which represents a quarter of company sales, back on course.
Digital rose to No. 11 in worldwide PC sales last year, but its PCs suffer
from manufacturing delays and slowed growth. Bernhard Auer, president of the
$3 billion PC business, left in August and was replaced by Enrico Pesatori, VP
of the systems business unit. Pesatori must placate customers who are unhappy
about more than just manufacturing delays.
According to some customers and even resellers, Digital's PCs suffer from poor
quality control. "It's not uncommon to have Digital PCs arrive DOA or
near-DOA," says Benjamin Joyce, director of applications integration at
Business Equipment Center Ltd., a Digital value-added reseller in Washington.
He says the machines' motherboards fail unusually often. "It's not
predominant," he adds, "but it happens often enough that [Digital] needs to
address it."
Mike Spohnholtz, PC network administrator at Virginia Mason Hospital in
Seattle, had such a bad experience with his 40 Digital PCs that he ditched
them altogether. "We refuse to buy any more Digital PCs," he says. "They're
behind the market in both price and technology. The last of them were just
sold through a garage sale last month."
Even customers who like Digital's PCs complain. "Since [Digital] made
resellers responsible for service and support, they've been pretty poor about
getting us information," says Steve Williams, a department systems specialist
with Santa Clara Valley Medical, a hospital in San Jose, Calif.
The support problem is a common complaint among customers. In fact, lax
responsiveness to customers cost Digital the business of Shell Oil. Digital
neglected to supply a promised 32-bit token-ring driver for a major product
evaluation at Shell's corporate division, say sources there. As a result,
Shell chose Compaq instead. "We had a strong relationship with Digital, but
[the token-ring incident] cost them a major contract," says an IT staffer at
Shell.
Beyond Open Systems
But the biggest stumbling block ahead could be Digital's overall open-systems
strategy. For one, Digital is hardly the first computer company to claim
openness. "For Digital to say that [an open systems strategy] is their
distinguishing characteristic is very naive," says Jeff Mason, VP of worldwide
marketing for IBM's RS/6000 division in Somers, N.Y. "We both grew up in the
proprietary model and are both moving toward open systems. They are not moving
there faster than us."
That's especially clear in the vendors' proprietary operating systems. Next
year, IBM's MVS will gain X/Open and Spec. 1170 compliance, which lets users
run Unix applications on it. Meanwhile, with Digital VAX sales on a steady
decline--they now represent just 10% of the company's total business--and
Digital's relationship with Microsoft growing, the days are clearly numbered
for the VMS operating system, now called OpenVMS. Palmer says a new,
large-structured file system will make it possible for Digital to create a
seamless environment between VMS and Windows NT for customers that choose to
stay on the VAX. But that still won't let VMS users run the wealth of
applications for Intel or other RISC platforms.
If every vendor moves to an open systems architecture, how can Digital stand
out? Palmer says Digital will be "more open" than the others. But will
customers really be able to tell? More important, will they care?
--with additional reporting by Marianne Kolbasuk McGee
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