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Conference lgp30::christian-perspective

Title:Discussions from a Christian Perspective
Notice:Prostitutes and tax collectors welcome!
Moderator:CSC32::J_CHRISTIE
Created:Mon Sep 17 1990
Last Modified:Fri Jun 06 1997
Last Successful Update:Fri Jun 06 1997
Number of topics:1362
Total number of notes:61362

274.0. "Absolutism vs. Relativism" by DECWIN::MESSENGER (Bob Messenger) Thu Jul 11 1991 22:09

Excerpts from "The Seer of Prague" by Richard Rorty, a review of three works by
Jan Patocka [pronounced "Patochka, I think], a Czechoslovakian philosopher who
influenced V�clav Havel.  The New Republic, 7/1/91, pages 35-40.

	... Havel's reversal of the precedence of Being to Consciousness
	amounted to saying that at least some of what Marx thought
	superstructural - including our sense of being under unconditional
	moral obligations - cannot be explained in terms of socioeconomic
	pressures.  Havel went on to speak of "respect for the order of Being,
	where all our actions are indelibly recorded and where, and only where,
	they will be properly judged."  "The interpreter or mediator," he
	continued, "between us and this higher authority is what is
	traditionally referred to as the human conscience."

	   Havel and his friends spent decades resisting the suggestion that
	their protests against thuggish brutality and corruption were just
	examples of "petty-bourgeouise thinking".  So they needed to resist the
	claim that one's conscience is a contingent product of history.  Hegel,
	and later Marx, had advanced such a thesis against the Kantian
	insistence that conscience is our link with something ahistorical,
	non-natural, non-contigent.  If only because History seemed, between
	1938 and 1989, to be on the wrong side, it was natural for the
	dissidents of Prague to question Hegelian relativity and to hope for
	Kantian absoluteness.

	... It would be misleading, however, to think of Patocka as a
	philosopher of democracy and human rights, if this means the sort of
	philosopher who wants to give democratic institutions and hopes a "firm
	philosophical foundation".  If you reject metaphysics, you reject
	fuondations.  If you reject "positive" Platonism, you reject the idea
	that there are "out there," waiting to be known, such objects as "the
	moral law" and "human rights."  Non-metaphysicians cannot say that
	democratic institutions reflect a moral reality and that tyrranical
	regimes do not reflect one, that tyrranies get something wrong that
	democratic societies get right.  Even though he is utterly committed to
	the political vision of the Enlightenment that Heidegger mocked,
	Parocka is as little an Enlightenment rationalist as Heidegger.
	Patocka's conscience led him to do the right thing, but he did not
	supply good philosophical reasons for doing what he did.  At most he
	gave reasons for doubting that there were good philosophical reasons
	*against* doing what he did.

	   To many people, this will seem not enough.  Straussians like Allan
	Bloom, and analytic philosophers who pride themselves on "moral
	realism," insist on metaphysical foundations for political choice.
	Such people require that the philosopher answer the question posed by
	Thrasymachus, the cynical young fascist of Plato's Republic: Does
	justice pay?  They require the philosopher to reply: "Yes, appearances
	to the contrary, it does.  For things are not what they seem.  There is
	a non-hedonic reality behind the hedonic appearances.  I can *prove* to
	you that there is, and give you an accurate description of that
	reality.  You disregard that reality at your peril."

	   Though Patocka was willing to say, in his defenses of Charta 77,
	that moral principles have "unconditional validity," and that "no
	society can function without a moral foundation, without convictions
	that do not depend on convenience, circumstances, or expected
	advantage," he was not prepared to give that sort of answer to
	Thrasymachus.  Like Sartre, he can despise fascist, but he cannot
	refute them.  Refutation, Patocka thinks, is not the sort of thing that
	philosophy is good for.  What he calls "the experience of freedom" is
	not the ability to transcend relativity by answering all the cynic's
	objections, or the ability to achieve certainty that one is doing the
	right thing.  It is a leap in the dark.  Without metaphysical backup,
	the unconditional call of conscience can only be a call to make such a
	leap.

	    This point has been obscured by all the recent noise about
	"absolutism" and "relativism."  People who talk in those terms
	typically run together two senses of "absolute."  The first is the
	sense in which Havel and Patocka thought it unconditionally, absolutely
	wrong to tell the sort of lies the thugs wanted them to tell.
	"Absolute" here means something like "such that I can only live with
	myself if...."  To say that one has an absolute obligation, in this
	first sense, is to say "Here I stand; I can do no other."  In the
	second sense, however, "absolute" means something like "objectively
	wrong," where "objectively" has the force of "wrong whether or not you,
	or anybody else, can see its wrongness - yet you would only *fail* to
	see its wrongness if your mind were clouded by sin, prejudice, emotion,
	impure motives, or unfortunate cultural conditioning."

	   Confusion between these two senses, between absoluteness as
	unconditional obligation and absoluteness as objective factuality, will
	arise whenever some metaphysician says that if God, or the Platonic
	Idea of the Good, or the Essential Nature of Humanity, or the True
	Self, does not exist -- if there is no metaphysical object that stands
	behind claims about "objective wrongness" - then everything is
	permitted.  To say that is to make metaphysical foundations essential
	to ethics, to suggest that unless you acknowledge the existence of, and
	feel swayed by, some such object, you have no business feeling yourself
	under any unconditional moral obligations.

	   The anti-metaphysical strain in recent philosophical thought
	repudiates this suggestion.  More generally, it repudiates the Platonic
	suggestion that only the objective existence of something like the Idea
	of the Good can make sense of Socrates's life, and give us reason to
	condemn Socrates's judges.  ... For Patocka, the unconditionality of
	the call of conscience has nothing to do with the notion of a moral
	demand being legitimated or underwritten by something factual,
	something "out there".

Comments?

				-- Bob

Posted in RELIGION, CHRISTIAN-PERSPECTIVE and HUMANISM.
T.RTitleUserPersonal
Name
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274.1Now I'm intimadated! :-}DPDMAI::DAWSONA Different LightFri Jul 12 1991 00:027
    RE: .0   Bob,
     
                     Good Lord Bob!  About 99% of all that went right over
    my head.  I'm sure its great stuff, but right now I'm feeling kinda
    dumb.  :-}   Sorry....
    
    Dave
274.2DECWIN::MESSENGERBob MessengerFri Jul 12 1991 00:283
OK, Dave, in that case just answer this question "Does justice pay"?

				-- Bob
274.3DPDMAI::DAWSONA Different LightFri Jul 12 1991 00:378
    RE: .2   Bob,
    
                     An interesting choice of words.  My gut reaction is to
    say no.  Justice should be its own reward and not something we do
    expecting to be rewarded...even though we might be.
    
    
    Dave
274.4DECWIN::MESSENGERBob MessengerFri Jul 12 1991 10:5612
Dave,

Let's say that you are a Czechoslovakian dissident in 1980 trying to persuade a
colleague to defy the authorities.  (The government wants your colleague to
write a series of articles praising communism, and you want him to refuse.)
You tell him, "It would not be just for you to write these articles", and he
asks "Does justice pay?"  What do you tell him?

Is justice really its own reward?  Do you hope to be rewarded in an afterlife
for anything that you do (or believe) here on earth?

				-- Bob
274.5DLO15::DAWSONFri Jul 12 1991 14:1616
    RE: .4  Bob,
    
                   Justice *HAS* to be its own rewards on this earth full
    of imperfect people.  I would tell the individual that it is the long 
    term benifits of justice that counts....not the short term in this
    case.
    
                   Let me ask you a question Bob.  Lets say that Jesus is
    real and God is real.  All that is in the bible is real...including the
    promise of eternal life thru Jesus Christ.  What is eternity compared
    to this short life we have.  If God sacrificed his only son just so we
    could have this promise?...is that justice?  If he died for your sins
    and not his own?  Where is the pay for Jesus?
    
                            
    Dave
274.6DECWIN::MESSENGERBob MessengerFri Jul 12 1991 14:2532
Re: .5 Dave

>                   Justice *HAS* to be its own rewards on this earth full
>    of imperfect people.  I would tell the individual that it is the long 
>    term benifits of justice that counts....not the short term in this
>    case.
    
Aren't you contradicting yourself?  First you say that justice is its own
reward and then you say that it has long term benefits.

>                   Let me ask you a question Bob.  Lets say that Jesus is
>    real and God is real.  All that is in the bible is real...including the
>    promise of eternal life thru Jesus Christ.  What is eternity compared
>    to this short life we have.

Obviously eternity would be far more important than life here on earth.  But
who gains eternal life?  Is there anything we can do in this life to ensure
that we will receive our eternal reward?

>  If God sacrificed his only son just so we
>    could have this promise?...is that justice?

Are you asking for my opinion?  No, I wouldn't say that it is justice.  If
God can do anything, why did Jesus have to die?  Why not just forgive us and
get it over with?

>  If he died for your sins
>    and not his own?  Where is the pay for Jesus?
    
You'd have to ask him that...

				-- Bob
274.7WILLEE::FRETTSEclipsing into the future!!!!Fri Jul 12 1991 14:527
    
    I have a question.  If life here on earth is so unimportant, then
    what the heck are we all doing here?  Why would God create all these
    spirits and send them into the world, and then have them only focus
    on getting the heck out?
    
    Carole
274.8The View from SwitzerlandWMOIS::REINKEHello, I'm the Dr!Fri Jul 12 1991 15:5331
    re:  Carole - Why incarnation?
    
    Carl Jung, the Late Thoughts section of his Memories, Dreams,
    Reflections, addressed just this question.  While these were not
    intended to be final statements but something on the order of
    speculation, I found them interesting.
    
    He related a vision he'd had of his father, about nine months before
    his mother's death.  (His father had died many years previously.)  Dad
    was asking son Carl, now an eminent phychologist, about marital
    psychology.  They (Carl's parents) had had a very difficult marriage,
    and apparently Dad knew nothing more than he'd known when he died. 
    However, he foresaw a need to relate to his wife after she left the
    earth plane, and wanted to know the latest.
    
    In another instance, a person who had had a fairly ordinary life had a
    dream a few days before she died, in which she was teaching a class or
    leading a discussion among discarnate (dead) people who were
    passionately interested in what she'd accomplished in that lifetime.
    
    Jung's tentative conclusion in all of this was that (if I can relate it
    well) we have this three- (or four-) dimensional existence because it
    is an ideal medium for what one might call progress.  That without
    incarnation and it's attendant feelings of separation from the Godhead,
    we would grow slowly, if at all.  
    
    This certainly fits with human psychology.  We're all familiar with
    cases of arrested development in persons who are too closely tied to
    Mom or Dad.  
    
    DR
274.9Elementary my dear Watson...SWAM1::DOTHARD_STPLAYTOEFri Jul 12 1991 17:4055
    Re: Basenote
    
>	... Havel's reversal of the precedence of Being to Consciousness
>	amounted to saying that at least some of what Marx thought
>	superstructural - including our sense of being under unconditional
>	moral obligations - cannot be explained in terms of socioeconomic
>	pressures.  Havel went on to speak of "respect for the order of Being,
>	where all our actions are indelibly recorded and where, and only where,
>	they will be properly judged."  "The interpreter or mediator," he
>	continued, "between us and this higher authority is what is
>	traditionally referred to as the human conscience."
    
    I like Havel already.  I agree that Beingness takes precedence to
    consciousness, as Being has "eternal" qualities, and consciousness is
    relative to the time and place and circumstance.  Being can change
    location but cannot be changed itself, a Man here will be a man
    elsewhere.  But consciousness is relative.  
    
    To the extent that Being is of an eternal quality, it necessarily
    follows that there are certain eternal laws, or guidelines or
    frameworks in which Being can and must exist.  And it is these laws,
    guidelines and frameworks which cause the manifestation of what is
    known as "conscience".  
    
>	"Absolute" here means something like "such that I can only live with
>	myself if...."  To say that one has an absolute obligation, in this
>	first sense, is to say "Here I stand; I can do no other."  In the
>	second sense, however, "absolute" means something like "objectively
>	wrong," where "objectively" has the force of "wrong whether or not you,
>	or anybody else, can see its wrongness - yet you would only *fail* to
>	see its wrongness if your mind were clouded by sin, prejudice, emotion,
>	impure motives, or unfortunate cultural conditioning."
    
    Indeed, when the author here says that ""absolute" here means something
    like "such that I can only live with myself if..." it is referring to
    the eternal Being of self existance, or "I couldn not live with the
    BEING me if I did such and such".  
    
    The "Objectively wrong" act which has force whether one realizes it or
    not, is a concept I also believe in, and is inseparable from the
    "Absolute", in that Being, again, is eternal and whether one believes
    Being is eternal or not, the laws, guidelines and frameworks of BEING
    remain in effect and the same for all BEINGS.  
    
    Whether by "unconditional obligation" (i.e.knowing who you are and
    regardless of circumstances not forgetting who you are), or by
    "objective factuality" (i.e.seeing is believing, the only reason I do
    so is because I saw this happen before), the bottom line "metaphysical
    foundations" are indeed essential to ethics.  Who you think you are,
    your nature and BEING, has much to do with what one considers ethical
    or Right Thinking.
    
    Playtoe  
    
    
274.10SA1794::SEABURYMZen: It's Not What You ThinkTue Jul 16 1991 17:1923
 
     I suppose that justice pays if your are willing to consider
   being tortured, imprisoned or shot as payment. The truth is that
   these are frequently the payment for acting in a way consistent
   with what might generally be regarded with being just. 
     There is a chapter titled, "A Nation Of Rabbits" in Solzhenitzyn's
   "The Gulag Archipelago". In it the author lays a lot of the blame for
   the terror of the Stalin years on the Soviets themselves. People remained
   silent, they willing cooperated with and worked for the state security
   organizations, they staffed the administrative organizations that
   rounded people up and they staffed the camps themselves. It took millions
   of people to send millions of people off to the Gulag.
     If the Soviet people had refused to participate the nightmare of the
   Stalin years would not have been possible. 
     The question of absolutism versus relativism seems only to apply as
   long as there enough people willing to wield the means of oppression
   or remain silent while other do.
     The recent events in Eastern Europe are a good example of the sudden 
   change that can occur when people refuse to participate in their own
   oppression.

                                                                  Mike 
     
274.12Keep "absolute" in its proper perspective!SWAM1::DOTHARD_STPLAYTOEFri Jul 19 1991 12:5445
    RE: 10
    
>     I suppose that justice pays if your are willing to consider
>   being tortured, imprisoned or shot as payment. The truth is that
>   these are frequently the payment for acting in a way consistent
>   with what might generally be regarded with being just. 
    
    I won't ask you to explain this, if you care to it might help, but at
    this point I don't quite catch the meaning here.  I think the confusion
    lies in "what might generally be regarded with being just."  Human
    conception of "justice" often falls short of "MAAT" or Divine Justice
    (as advanced by the Egyptians).  Even as the human conception of "Good"
    falls short of divine "Good", as Jesus said, "Why calleth thou me GOOD,
    only one is GOOD, God in Heaven".  And, IMO only one is JUST, God in
    Heaven.  
    
    We may, or may not, try and do our best, or be good and just, but we
    invariably fall short, because our primary concern as humans is "self
    preservation"...whereas this is not God's primary concern, of course,
    so his Goodness and Justice is "absolute", and ours is "relative".
    
>     The question of absolutism versus relativism seems only to apply as
>   long as there enough people willing to wield the means of oppression
>   or remain silent while other do.
    
    I don't agree, of course.  Absolutism of JUST is not even approached by
    your example of Stalin years, it concerns strictly the relative aspect
    of just.  I would restate the above sentence as follows:
    
    "The question of absolutism versus relativism seems only to apply as
    long as there are people vying between the will of God and the will of
    the State (i.e. between "do unto to others as you would have them do
    unto" and "do unto to others before they do unto you")."
    
    Eastern Europeans, Russians, being essentially a "godless" people,
    allowed Stalin to rule the day because they knew not or believed in no
    higher authority.  The absolute vs relative opposition can only occur
    where the two extremes of God vs man exist.  There must be a basis for
    "absolute" conceptions is order for there to be a conflict with the
    "relative".  The Stalin years example is on a "collective/social"
    level, but on an individual level, each citizen, unless they had a
    belief in God they could not grapple with the thought of defying
    Stalin's will (man's will).
    
    Playtoe
274.13SA1794::SEABURYMZen: It's Not What You ThinkMon Jul 22 1991 17:1812
     Playtoe:
     
              A quick response for you. What I meant by my first
             paragraph was that insistence on standards of just
             behavior such as basic human rights for one's self
             and others can land you in a in prison or in a hole
             in the ground depending on where you happen to be.


                                                               Mike
              
274.14CSC32::J_CHRISTIEKeep on loving boldly!Tue Aug 25 1992 17:2124
Note 31.481
>    I wouldn't
>    say, let's not pass a law against rape if we don't have the jail
>    facilities.  If rape is wrong then as a society we should try and stop
>    it and bear the responsiblity of the consequences of that decision.

Paul,

	I appreciate your efforts to demonstrate genuine respect of differing
perspectives.  I would say that it is because of you that I am beginning to
grasp what the absolutist perspective is all about.

	I do believe rape is wrong.  I believe rape is *always* wrong.  I
don't believe there is *ever* an exception.  There can never be a good or
reasonable excuse to rape.  So, at least on this issue, I might be classified
an absolutist.

	However, I am not so certain how effective incarceration is in
preventing the rapist from ever raping again, or even if that is what jail
is intended to do.  And I'm not certain that incarcerating the perpetrator
makes anything better for the rape victim, though I concede it does provide
some protection for the victim, at least, temporarily.

Richard