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| Title: | Europe-Swas-Artificial-Intelligence |
|
| Moderator: | HERON::BUCHANAN |
|
| Created: | Fri Jun 03 1988 |
| Last Modified: | Thu Aug 04 1994 |
| Last Successful Update: | Fri Jun 06 1997 |
| Number of topics: | 442 |
| Total number of notes: | 1429 |
378.0. "Fwd: Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Groupw" by MR4DEC::ROACH (TANSTAAFL !) Thu Oct 10 1991 17:47
I N T E R O F F I C E M E M O R A N D U M
Doc. No: 005725
Date: 10-Oct-1991 11:27am EDT
From: BEANE
BEANE@SHLACT@SELECT@MRGATE@NRGATE@NRO
Dept:
Tel No:
TO: PATRICK ROACH@LMO
Subject: Fwd: Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Groupware
From: HSOMAI::TENAYA::HAYES "08-Oct-1991 1333" 8-OCT-1991 16:55:42.82
To: @WTD
CC: HAYES
Subj: COMPUTER SUPPORTED COOPERATIVE WORK AND GROUPWARE
COMPUTER SUPPORTED COOPERATIVE WORK AND GROUPWARE
Jonathan Grudin
University of California at Irvine
-----------------
Saturday, November 2, 1991
9 am to 4:30 pm
Northeastern University
Boston, MA
-----------------
A Professional Development Seminar presented by
- Greater Boston Chapter of Association for Computing
Machinery (GBC/ACM)
- Greater Boston Special Interest Group on Computer
Human Interaction (GB/SIGCHI)
-----------------
Computer networks have created new opportunities to support
the way people work in groups. Ensuring that productivity and
job satisfaction are enhanced by changes in communication and
coordination will require new skills, new methods, and
consideration of issues that are new to most application
developers.
======================================
This introductory seminar is designed for
developers, researchers, and managers interested in
designing, developing, or evaluating work group
software. No previous knowledge or experience with
CSCW or groupware is expected.
=====================================
Topics will include:
- definition and scope of the field
- research and development in several application areas
- design and evaluation issues
- promising approaches to the issues
- video clips of existing systems and prototypes
Software implementation challenges and technical approaches
will not be covered.
=====================================
Jonathan Grudin is assistant professor in the Computers, Organizations,
Policy, and Society (CORPS) group in the University of California at
Irvine's Computer Science Department. He has also held positions at the
University of Aarhus, Denmark, at MCC's Human Interface Program, and at
Wang Laboratories.
=============================================================================
Advance registration for the seminar is $70 for GBC/ACM members,
$80 for non-members; registration at the door, space permitting,
is $10 additional. For more information and registration forms,
call (617) 862-1181, or write to: GBC/ACM, Professional Development
Seminars, PO Box 465, Lexington, MA 02173.
******************************************************************************
IEEE Tutorial
GROUPWARE:
Software for Computer-Supported Cooperative Work
David Marca
Geoffrey Bock
Software Products Group
Digital Equipment Corporation1
110 Spit Brook Road
Nashua, NH 03062
Foreword By
Gerald Weinberg
1The material in this book expresses only the views of the authors, and
is in no way a statement of Digital Equipment Corporation.
PREFACE
This IEEE Tutorial is a collection of readings about computing for groups.
This tutorial takes a step into the field now called "Computer Supported
Cooperative Work", or CSCW. An emerging discipline, CSCW is concerned with
bringing computing face-to-face with groups of people as they work. From this
goal comes software that enhances cooperation, augments human capability, and
supports distributed teams. This kind of software is currently called
"Groupware." Unlike traditional computing, groupware computing has strong
social and organizational dimensions, and exploits the capabilities of base
system technologies. It is this interdisciplenary framework that distinguishes
Groupware from the computing we have experienced in the past.
This tutorial was designed and written for the teachers, students, software
engineers, and generalists in information systems and computer science who have
recently become interested in group computing. Our goal is to provide an entry
guide to the CSCW field. To do this, we approach CSCW from this perspective:
WE SEE WORK AS COOPERATIVE AND SOCIAL IN NATURE.
From this vantage point, we see work being done by groups, as opposed to work
being done by just individuals. Our perspective matches a growing trend that
recognizes the every-day problems we are solving requires an ever-growing
dependence on others. Computer support for cooperative work must therefore
concentrate on the problem of designing software for groups and how they
interact in the context of specific work situations.
This perspective has also allowed us to write this tutorial so it begins to
bridge the social and technical aspects of developing Groupware. Being an
introductory text oriented to Groupware, this volume presents the breadth of
understanding needed for designing group-related computer and information
systems. To accomplish this, key papers have been selected to cover the
conceptual underpinnings upon which Groupware has been, and can be, developed.
Overall, our presentation emphasizes the technical aspects of developing
software within the context of strong social and organizational factors:
o CHAPTER 1, "Groups and Groupware", gives an overview of groups and their
typical organizations, and summarizes the current status of the field of
Computer Supported Cooperative Work.
o CHAPTER 2, "Conceptual Frameworks", makes the point that successful
Groupware systems are designed from a consciously chosen perspective;
one most suited for the particular group and work being supported.
o CHAPTER 3, "Design Methods", presents ways to design software that augment,
as opposed to replace, human capabilties. We emphasize designing software
from intuitions derived by directly experiencing the user's work. We also
stress that designs are iteratively and collaboratively developed with users.
o CHAPTER 4, "Enabling Technologies, Systems-Related" presents a platform
upon which Groupware applications are typically built. We include: robust
message transfering, directory structures for locating people, transparent
distributed database services, and efficient hypertext mechanisms.
o CHAPTER 5, "Enabling Technologies, UI-Related" presents some important
user interface technologies upon which Groupware applications operate. We
also discuss how the need for highly tailorability and extemely usable
graphic user interface poses new challenges for Groupware designers.
o CHAPTER 6, "Computer Supported Meetings", gives several case studies where
computers were brought into meeting rooms. These studies show how Groupware:
spans a continuum of work tasks, emphasizes co-authoring and cooperative
problem solving, and requires adapting to ever changing meeting situations.
o CHAPTER 7, "Bridging Time And Space", includes applications that foster work
across dramatically different time and distance barriers: 1) people working
at the same time or at different times, 2) people working on exactly the
same problem or on different parts of the same problem at the same time,
and 3) people working physically together or in separate locations.
o CHAPTER 8, "Coordinators", presents the latest methods and applications which
help coordinate human activity. These methods and systems intend to augment
human capability by providing mechanisms for mananging both the commitments
and the overall dialogs that are prevasive in the workplace.
o CHAPTER 9, "What Makes For Effective Systems?", include several studies that
evaluated the effectiveness of Groupware, and found that successful systems:
1) match the user's work, 2) never exploit any part of the intended user
population, 3) are accompanied by training, and 4) are installed well.
Many papers and books have been published about Groupware in the past five
years, and we found them to be of varying scope and quality. Our goal for this
first version was to highlight key trends and ideas, to be inclusive rather
than critical or exhaustive. To provide proper coverage, each chapter includes
a summary write-up, followed by three or four important articles. We provide a
set of additional references in the selected bibliography, and encourage those
seeking more in-depth study to consider sampling from these publications.
This tutorial has been designed to create a mood where we can inquire into the
often unquestioned assumptions that we personally bring to our computing
practices and to our work in general. We wrote this tutorial with the vision
that Computer Supported Cooperative Work will dramatically shift the way future
computer systems are created and used. We see this shift in computing practices
matching the shift also taking place today in the field of management sciences.
Achieving this shift is an enormous possibility, and exploring it requires a
commitment from both you, the reader, and us, the authors. So, we ask you now
to approach this tutorial with a mind open to the chance that your software
engineering practices will become quite different, yet much better. In return,
we promise to make available to you a collection of distinctions, approaches,
methods, and examples which have altered positively the practice of developing
computers systems for groups.
David Marca
Geoffrey Bock
Nashua, New Hampshire
September 6, 1991
GROUPWARE:
Software for Computer-Supported Cooperative Work
FOREWORD....................................................................
PREFACE.....................................................................
INTRODUCTION: "Groupware: The Next Generation of Information Systems?"
Bock, G................................................................
1. GROUPS AND GROUPWARE.....................................................
1.1. SOCIO-TECHNICAL SYSTEMS DESIGN
"Learning from User Experience With Groupware" Bullen, C., Bennett,
J., Proceedings of CSCW'90; October 1990...............................
1.2. COMMUNICATION, COLLABORATION, COORDINATION
"Groupware: The Research and Development Issues," Ellis, C.A., Gibbs,
S.J., Rein, G.L., revised and extended from CACM Vol 34 No 1;
January 1991...........................................................
1.3. GROUP BEHAVIOR & EVOLUTION
"Primer on Group Dynamics for Groupware Developers," Cole, P.,
Nast-Cole, J. invited paper............................................
2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS....................................................
2.1. AUGMENTATION
"Authorship Provisions In Augment" Engelbart, D., Proceedings of
COMPCON'84; February 1984..............................................
2.2. LANGUAGE
"Computer Support for Cooperative Design" B�dker, S., Knudsen, J.,
Kyng, M., Ehn, P., Madsen, K. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on
Computer-Supported Cooperative Work; September 1988....................
2.3. COORDINATION
"What Is Coordination Theory And How Can It Help Design Cooperative
Work Systems?" Malone, T., Crowston, K., Proceedings of CSCW'90;
October 1990...........................................................
3. DESIGN METHODS...........................................................
3.1. DESIGN AS COGNITION
"User-Centered Design of Collaboration Technology" Olson, G., Olson,
J., Journal of Organizational Computing Vol. 1, No. 1; 1991............
3.2. DESIGN AS INTERVENTION
"Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction" Flores,
F., Graves, M., Hartfield, B., Winograd, T., in ACM Transactions on
Office Information Systems; April 1988.................................
3.3. ENHANCING ENGINEERING PRACTICE
"Augmenting SADT To Develop Computer-Support for Cooperative Work"
Marca, D., Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on
Software Engineering; May 1990.........................................
4. ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES, SYSTEM-RELATED....................................
4.1. MULTI-MEDIA ELECTRONIC MAIL
"Power, Ease of Use and Cooperative Work in a Practical Multimedia
Message System" Borenstein, N., Thyberg, C. International Journal
of Man-Machine Studies Vol. 34; 1991...................................
4.2. PERSONAL NAMING
"Relevance of the X.500 Directory to CSCW Applications" Prinz, W.,
Pennelli, P. Proceedings of 1st European Conference on CSCW;
September 1989.........................................................
4.3. CONNECTIVITY FOR CONFERENCING
"Replicated Document Management in a Group Communication System"
Kawell, L., Beckhardt, S., Halvorsen, T., Ozzie, R., Grief, I.,
Proceedings of CSCW'88; September 1988.................................
4.4. HYPERTEXT
"Hypertext: An Introduction and Survey" Conklin, J., IEEE Computer;
September 1987.........................................................
5. ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES, UI-RELATED........................................
5.1. LARGE BIT-MAPPED DISPLAYS
"The Xerox Star: A Retrospective" Johnson, J., Roberts, T., Verplank,
W., Smith, D., Irby, C., Beard, M., Mackey, K., IEEE Computer;
September 1989.........................................................
5.2. ROOMS
"Rooms: The Use of Multiple Virtual Workspaces to Reduce Space
Contention in a Window-based Graphical User Interface" Henderson,
D., Card, S. ACM Transactions on Graphics, Vol. 5 No. 3; July 1986.....
5.3. GROUP WORK METAPHORS
"Approaching Group Communication By Means of an Office Building
Metaphor" Madsen, C. Proceedings of 1st European Conference on
CSCW; September 1989...................................................
6. COMPUTER SUPPORTED MEETINGS..............................................
6.1. FACE-TO-FACE MEETINGS
"Beyond the Chalkboard: Computer Support for Collaboration and
Problem Solving in Meetings," Stefik, M., Foster, G., Bobrow, D.,
Kahn, K., Lanning, S., Suchman, L. Communications of the ACM;
January 1987...........................................................
6.2. GROUP INTERACTION TOOLS
"Electronic Meeting Systems to Support Group Work" Nunamaker, J.F.,
Dennis, A.R., Valacich, J.S., Vogel, D.R., George, J.F., CACM Vol.
22 No. 7; July, 1991...................................................
6.3. DISTRIBUTED MEETINGS
"Experiences in the Use of a Media Space" Mantei, M.M., Baecker, R.M.,
Sellen, A.J., Buxton, W.A.S., and Milligan, T., Wellman, B.,
CHI '91 Conference Proceedings; March 1991.............................
7. BRIDGING TIME AND SPACE..................................................
7.1. COMPUTER CONFERENCING
"Structuring Computer-Mediated Communication Systems to Avoid
Information Overload" Hiltz, R., Turoff, M., Communications of
the ACM, Vol. 28, No. 7; July 1985.....................................
7.2. COLLABORATIVE AUTHORING
"Supporting Collaboration in Notecards" Trigg, R., Suchman, L.,
Halasz, F. Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Computer-Supported
Cooperative Work; December 1986........................................
7.3. USING ELECTRONIC MAIL
"Diversity in the Use of Electronic Mail: A Preliminary Inquiry"
Mackay, W., ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems; October
1988...................................................................
7.4. ENABLING SOCIAL PROTOCOLS
"Object Lens: A 'Spreadsheet' for Cooperative Work" Lai, K., Malone,
T., Yu, K., ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, Vol. 6,
No. 4; October 1988....................................................
8. COORDINATORS.............................................................
8.1. COORDINATION LANGUAGE
"Diplans: "A New Language for the Study and Implementation of
Coordination" Holt, A., ACM Transactions On Office Information
Systems; April 1988....................................................
8.2. PETRI-NET FORMALISMS
"The Communication Disciplines of CHAOS" DeCindio, F., DeMichelis,
G., Simone, C., in Concurrency And Nets, Springer-Verlag; 1988.........
8.3. COMMUNICATION STRUCTURES
"Local and Global Structuring of Computer Mediated Communication:
Developing Linguistic Perspectives on CSCW in COSMOS" Bowers, J.,
Churcher, J., Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Computer-Supported
Cooperative Work; September 1988.......................................
8.4. CONVERSATION TOOLKITS
"Strudel -- An Extensible Electronic Conversation Toolkit" Sheperd,
A., Mayer, N., Kuchinsky, A., Proceedings of CSCW'90; October 1990.....
9. WHAT MAKES FOR EFFECTIVE SYSTEMS?........................................
9.1. INCREASED USER INVOLVEMENT
"The Supplier's Role in the Design of Products for Organisations"
Eason, K.D. and Harker, S., The Computer Journal, Vol. 31, No. 5,
1988...................................................................
9.2. COOPERATIVE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
"Twinkling lights and Nested Loops: Distributed Problem Solving and
Spreadsheet Development" Nardi, B.A. and Miller, J.R., International
Journal of Man-Machine Studies Vol. 34; April 1991.....................
9.3. NO DISPARITY BETWEEN END-USERS
"Why CSCW Applications Fail: Problems in the Design and Evaluation
of Organizational Interfaces" Grudin, J. Proceedings of the 2nd
Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work; September 1988......
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................
INDEX.......................................................................
Body of tutorial--roughly 300 pps.
SELECTED
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The references that follow were used to develop the introductory chapters for
this tutorial. Since many influenced more than one chapter, they were compiled
into this one section for brevity. We encourage those seeking a more in-depth
understanding of Groupware to consider sampling these works.
Those references marked with an asterisk are from the 1984 Workshop on Computer
Supported Cooperative Work -- an event sponsored by Digital Equipment Corp.,
which was a catalyst for the CSCW field. Those references marked with a plus
sign are additional works cited in Saul Greenberg's "Annotated Bibliography Of
Computer Supported Cooperative Work", published in the ACM SIGCHI Volume 23,
Number 3, July 1991.
REFERENCES AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST: CONTACT AUTHOR TO RECIEVE THEM
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