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Conference heron::euro_swas_ai

Title:Europe-Swas-Artificial-Intelligence
Moderator:HERON::BUCHANAN
Created:Fri Jun 03 1988
Last Modified:Thu Aug 04 1994
Last Successful Update:Fri Jun 06 1997
Number of topics:442
Total number of notes:1429

3.0. "internal application projects" by HERON::BUCHANAN (a small Bear travels thru a Forest) Fri Jul 01 1988 16:00

This note is reserved for descriptions of internal Digital applications 
projects.   One reply per project.   Any further discussions on the project 
can take place in a separate note.
T.RTitleUserPersonal
Name
DateLines
3.1Project Selling Risk AdvisorYIPPEE::FITZGIBBONJoe Fitzgibbon EAITC ValbonneTue Sep 13 1988 17:21138
    
          A SWAS Projects Expert Selling Assistant

          Product Acronym : RAD.

          Product Name : Risk ADvisor.

          Version : V1.0

          Portfolio : SWAS.

          Produced by : European A.I. Technology Centre,
          		Valbonne.

          Current Status : Field Test in France and Germany,
          		   moves into Operational use are 
			   planned during FY89 for the
		           rest of Europe.



	  Goal.

          Provide SWAS Project Selling "support expertise" on the desktop
          of every Field Office in Europe thus supporting goals of;-

          o  Increased revenue on SWAS Project Sales.

          o  Improved focus of Selling activities in the Field
             Offices.

          o  Provide effective decision support summary
             information to District Management teams.

          o  Pro-active support for the approved "Selling
             processes and Business strategic directions" as defined
	     by Management.

	  o  Subsidiary/Country level facility to modify/enhance
	     the Knowledge Base thus enabling ease of adaption to
	     Business needs and evolution. 



          Description.

          The Risk ADvisor (RAD) is a Decision Support Expert
          System (DSES), produced by the European Artificial
          Intelligence Technology Centre located in Valbonne
          (France), for use in the European SWAS/SALES offices.
          The purpose of this DSES is to provide an "on-line
          expert assistant" to a SALES/SWAS person responsible
          for the selling of SWAS projects to external (Non DEC)
          Customers.

          Output from RAD provides detailed Decision Support
          information to the SALES/SWAS person AND Summary
          information to the SWAS/SALES District management
          team. In this fashion it supports the goal of
          effective focus of available SWAS/SALES resources
          around strategic business objectives.

          The contents of the Knowledge Base represent the
          combined inputs of three major European Subsidiaries
          - France, Germany and UK. Once implemented the
          Knowledge Base can be tailored to suit a particular
          country style of operation and/or legal requirements;
          this tailoring activity could also include textual
          information/messages in local language.

          The ongoing maintenance of the Knowledge Base, changes
          to business practices and/or legal requirements are
          managed by a responsible person in the Country level
          operation, i.e. the Knowledge Base can be maintained
          by a trained "Knowledge Base Administrator" (KBA)
          without the need for intervention on the part of a
          Technical Group. Approved changes to the Knowledge
          Base, as made by the KBA, can be distributed via the
          network (EASYNET) to SWAS/SALES field offices.

          This Expert System makes use of the standard range of
          DEC terminal equipment (VT100 upwards) and of the
          normal VAX range of machines. The Knowledge Base
          Administrators (KBA) facility (typically one per
          country) requires VAXstation facilities.



          Status as of - July 1988.

          The expert system has received provisional acceptance
	  with final acceptance scheduled for October 1988, at 
	  which point in time it will be moved into operational 
	  use in SWAS/SALES offices in Europe. Current installations 
	  are in France and Germany - which are the Field Test sites.



          Documentation.

          Installation and User Guide (Draft copy only. - final
          copies available end of FY89/Q1)

          Product Requirement Specs.

          Project Development Plan.



          Pre-Requisite Hardware

          Knowledge Base Editor :-  VS2000 upwards.

	  End-user Interface  	:-  VAX Range of Machines with VT series
				    terminals.



          Pre-requisite Software

          VAX/VMS V4.6 Upwards.

          EASE (Expert System Building Tool).



          3.3.7  CURRENT STATUS.

          OPERATIONAL.








3.2Benchmark AdvisorYIPPEE::FITZGIBBONJoe Fitzgibbon EAITC ValbonneTue Sep 13 1988 17:21141
          A Benchmark Advisor Expert System

          Product Acronym : BEAD

          Product Name : BENCHMARK ADVISOR

          Version : Internal Field Test V1.0.

          Portfolio : European SWAS.

          Produced by : European A.I. Technology Centre,
          Valbonne.

          Current Status : Internal Field Test.



          Goal.

          Sales and Technical expertise implemented in the
          form of a "Desk-top" Expert System and made generally
          available in Field Offices. This expertise will enable
          SALES/SWAS Field Office staff to,-

          o  Respond in a consistent fashion to Customer
             benchmark requests.

          o  Ensure that ALL the necessary information is
             collected and presented to the benchmarking team.


          Description.

          The Benchmark Advisor system will support the
          "process" which is currently in place to manage
          benchmarking activity from the point where the request
          is made by the customer through to the presentation
          of the results to the customer. There are three
          (3) fairly distinct phases to this process and the
          BENCHMARK ADVISOR makes a contribution to each phase.

          It is noted that Sales Account Management plays a
          major role in the process and related expertise must
          be incorporated into the system along with technical
          benchmarking expertise.

          Each phase of the Benchmarking Process is discussed
          below and the contribution of the associated Benchmark
          Advisor Module described in this context.


          Screening activity.
	  -------------------

          The sales situation surfaces the need for a Benchmark.
          It is recognized that the motivation for such a
          request is not always technical, but can be caused
          by a number of sales / Account Mgt factors - some of
          which can be addressed to the point where the request
          for a benchmark is avoided or withdrawn. The SCREENING
          activity acts as an expert assistant to sales account
          management in this regard. It will also provide
          assistance to the SWAS/SALES team in deciding if the
          benchmark request should, in the final analysis, be
          accepted or rejected (e.g. on the basis of the request
          being symptomatic of some account problem which is
          unrelated to system performance issues).


          Technical Advice activity.
	  --------------------------

          Following the decision by the SALES/SWAS team to
          proceed with a benchmark - the request is passed to
          a SWAS specialist for technical evaluation and project
          planning. If a reference benchmark can be identified
          during this exercise, it is possible that the customer
          will accept these results and the benchmark exercise
          can be avoided. It is always recommended that this
          strategy always be considered as the first item of
          the technical evaluation. If a reference cannot be
          obtained, the technical evaluation should continue -
          sizing the complexity of the benchmark, recommending
          the technical approach and estimating manpower, time
          and associated costs. The resulting report should
          be used by the sales/SWAS team in deciding whether
          to accept the benchmark or reject it on the basis
          of low probability of success due to technical or
          manpower reasons. The Benchmark Advisor TECHNICAL
          ADVICE activity assists the SWAS specialist with the
          above analysis, and provides Decision Support details
          which will assist management with GO/NO-GO decisions
          relating to the benchmark request.



          Operational Guidelines.
	  -----------------------

          Is concerned with setting up and the correct running
          of the Benchmark, and the presentation of results
          to the customer. This activity will highlight good
          operational practices and will NOT be concerned with
          providing Project Management support for the Benchmark
          activity.



          Current Status.

          The current Internal Field Test V1.0 of the software has 
	  been released to the E/ACT (Valbonne) Benchmarking Team 
	  for Field Test implementation and administration.


          Documentation.

          Draft User Guide will be available October 1988.

          Project Proposal.

          Product Requirement Specs.

          Project Development Plan.



          Pre-Requisite Hardware

          Knowledge Editor  :-  Vaxstation VS2000 upwards.

	  Desk-top end-user :-	VT series terminals (N.B. Not PCs)



          Pre-requisite Software

          VAX/VMS V4.6 Upwards.

          EASE (Expert System Building Tool).
3.3Network Diagnostics AssistantYIPPEE::FITZGIBBONJoe Fitzgibbon EAITC ValbonneTue Sep 13 1988 17:2291
              Network Diagnostics Assistant Expert System.

          Product Acronym : NDA.

          Product Name : Network Diagnostics Assistant.

          Version : Prototype V1.1.

          Portfolio : No Sponsor.

          Produced by : European A.I. Technology Centre,
          		Valbonne.

          Current Status : On indefinite hold due to Budget
          		   cuts.



          Goal.

          o  Enhance the DECNET knowledge of the Support Centre
             Specialists.

          o  Provide an option for automatic fault diagnosis
             and, when practical, corrective action.

          o  A basis for an "Intelligent Network Management"
             tool.

          o  Preservation and distribution of DECNET diagnostic
             expertise.



          Description.

          The current version conducts a dialogue with a
          Specialist in order to determine the cause behind a
          DECNET error as reported by VMS. Once the cause is
          isolated the Expert System will provide the Specialist
          with detailed guidelines indicating how the problem
          can be resolved. The Prototype Expert System also
          allows the Specialist to examine the reasoning path
          taken by the Expert System.

          The Expert System architecture demonstrated by the
          Prototype can be interfaced to the Management layer of
          DECNET, thus enabling the Expert System to directly
          monitor and test the network configuration and
          eventually make recommendations to the Specialist
          on how to overcome the problems. It would also be
          possible to allow the Expert System to intervene
          directly, with or without a Specialists consent - as
          the case may indicate, in order to effect corrective
          adjustments to the network.

          Predictive maintenance would also be practical,
          particularly if a version of the Expert System was
          installed on a DEC Service Module connected to a
          Customer configuration.



          Current Status.

          This software is installed in three Field test
          sites, Valbonne High Volume Group (Remote Diagnostic
          Services), the Paris TSC and Valbonne Area 51 Network
          management.

          N.B. All activity has been suspended, - indefinitely,
          - due to to FY89 Budget cuts!

          The current prototype is on demo on the Telecoms Booth
          of DECworld 88, and has also been demostrated on the
          DEC booth at the Annual AAAI Conference in USA.



          Pre-requisite Hardware.

          VS range of Machines.



          Pre-requisite Software.

          VAX/VMS V4.7 upwards.

          NEXPERT (Prototype only).
3.4Expert System Building ToolYIPPEE::FITZGIBBONJoe Fitzgibbon EAITC ValbonneTue Sep 13 1988 17:22175
          Decision Support Expert System Building Tool.


          Product Acronym : EASE.

          Product Name : Expert Advisor ShEll.

          Version : V1.0.

          Portfolio : European SWAS.

          Produced by : European A.I. Technology Centre, 
          		Valbonne.

          Current Status : Operational.



          Goal.

          EASE was developed as Expert System Building Tool for
          the SWAS funded project activities with the following
          goals.-

          o  Provide a common set of software for use by
             the SWAS Projects, thus reducing Engineering
             development and maintenance costs.

          o  Support a need for maintenance and enhancement
             of the Knowledge Base by Country level Business
             Experts.

          o  Support integration into the VMS environment.

          o  make available a tool for use by SWAS and IS
             Specialists for Expert System applications -
             thus developing a Technology capability in those
             functions.

          o  Support the distribution of Knowledge Base updates,
             via the Network, to Field Office users of the
             Expert System application.



          Description

          EASE is a tool designed to support the ease of
          construction of Advisory Expert Systems for use in
          the Business Decision Support space. These are Expert
          System applications which provide on-line expertise
          in a specific Business process, the current examples
          being,-


          o  the Risk Advisor (RAD) which supports the "expert
             selling" of SWAS Projects.

          o  the Benchmark Advisor (BEAD) which provides Sales
             and technical expertise support to Field Office
             staff who are expected to respond to Cusomter
             requests for Benchmark activity.

          o  the Forecasting of "real Customer demand" for
             Terminal Products.



          Functional Overview.

          The tool consists of two subsystems: A Workstation
          based Knowledge Base editor which permits the building
          and continued maintenance of a object-oriented
          Knowledge Base system, and secondly a "End-user"
          run-time environment, which uses the Knowledge Based
          System constructed by the editor.

          The "End-user" run-time environment has a simple
          interface which allows the user to respond to
          questions, and then inspect recommendations which
          arise from the responses. Because of the architecture
          of the system, the user may volunteer data as they
          become available, and modify values as required. The
          user may also find the collection of questions which
          are causing a recommendation to be "true" be simply
          causing the system to search back through the methods
          in the network. Context sensitive help is available
          at all stages, and "on-demand" printed output provides
          management team Decision Support details and working
          copy for the "end-user".

          The EASE tool also provides facilities to allow a
          trained User to maintain the Knowledge Base, i.e.
          update the Knowledge Base to reflect changes in
          Country Business practices, legal requirements, etc.
          This same facility enables text to be modified to suit
          local language needs. Updates to the Knowledge base
          can be subsequently distributed, via the Network, to
          the "End-users" of the Expert System application. The
          existence of this facility enables maintenance of the
          Knowledge Base to be placed in the hands of a Country
          level User/Administrator, rather than depending on
          some centrally located Technical Group to provide the
          updates.

	  The Knowledge Editor also supports "embedded documentation"
	  (for Knowledge Base maintenance purposes) and on-line
	  Help file generation for the end-user expert system 
	  application.



          Technical Overview.

          An application produced by EASE consists of a set
          of objects linked together by "methods". "Methods"
          describe how the values of the object are derived
          from other objects in the system. These methods can be
          calculations or logical expressions, or a combination
          of both. Alternatively, values may be acquired from
          the user by prompting or via calls to procedural
          language routines (e.g. PASCAL or BASIC).

          The editor permits the definition of objects which
          will constitute the final system, and the definition
          the methods in a form of data-flow language. These
          definitions form a network of objects, which can
          be viewed and expanded, thus making the incremental
          addition, or modification of knowledge very simple.
          The editor runs on a Vaxstation, making full use
          of the multiple-window capabilities. The resulting
          knowledge base is then employed by the run-time
          system.

          The architecture is open-ended, allowing Country
          programmer written procedures to be inserted into
          the system, - for example to perform database access
          etc. Such procedures are linked as a shareable image
          with "run-time linking" being performed by the Shell
          software (i.e. It is not necessary to re-link the
          run-time environment).



          Documentation

          Currently Available :

          Draft copies (finished copies will be available in
          October 1988) of the EASE Reference Manual.

          EASE Technical Architecture



          Prerequisite Hardware

          For the Knowledge Editor :-  Vaxstation 2000 upwards.
          For the Run-Time :-  VAX or microVAX, VT100 or later



          Pre-requisite Software

          VAX/VMS Version 4.5 or later.
	  QUINTUS or C-PROLOG.
	  VAX-C 
	  SMG



          Current Status.

          Operational: - available for internal use.
3.5Call/Text Screening Expert.YIPPEE::FITZGIBBONJoe Fitzgibbon EAITC ValbonneTue Sep 13 1988 17:23111
          A Calls Screening Assistant for the TSC's.

          Product Acronym : CSA.

          Product Name : Call Screening Assistant.

          Version : V1.0.

          Portfolio : European Field Service.

          Produced by : European A.I. Technology Group,
          Valbonne.

          Current Status : OPERATIONAL in Paris/TSC since
          		   January 1988.





          Goal.

          Enhance the VAX Products knowledge of a Response
          Specialist (i.e. the Telephone Operator) in the
          Telephone Support Centres (TSCs) and enable them
          to accurately route a Customer Call to the Support
          Specialist with the appropriate set of expertise.


          Description.

          CSA is an Expert System which analyses and understands
          a problem description which has been recorded on the
          Call Handling application (CHAMP/TSC) by the Response
          Specialist. The problem description is a free form
          textual description, e.g. "How do I install GKS on a
          VSII?".

          The analysis results in the identification of the
          Class of Specialist - or a Service Unit identity -
          which has the expertise required to resolve the
          problem. This identification permits accuracy of
          onward routing of the Call to the Specialist, or Unit
          location.

          This Expert System has been embedded as a set of
          callable routines into a existing, third generation,
          product (CHAMP/TSC at the PARIS/TSC) with no
          unacceptable performance overheads.

          The facility includes a interface for use by a "User
          Expert" who may,-


          o  set-up and modify the Knowledge Base to suit
             the Call handling organisation within a
             Country/District.

          o  verify the correct functioning of the facility, and
             make any necessary adjustments.

          o  adapt the facility to handle the different national
             languages.

          o  update the Knowledge Base to included new products,
             or to adjust to organisation changes.



          Current Status.

          This product has been installed at the Paris TSC in
          January 1988 and is since in daily operational use
          with a typical call rate of 200 call per-day being
          handle by an average of seven Telephone response
          specialists (i.e. non-technical personnel). The
          success rate is better than 87% of recorded calls
          being correctly screened, the remaining calls normally
          being outside of the scope defined for the expert
          system.

          The degree of user satisfaction with the product is
          very high.

          A version of this software, known as TSA, has been
          made available, as a set of callable routines with
          supporting documentation, for internal use elsewhere
          within DIGITAL.



          Documentation.

          User Guide, Programmer Guide and Installation Guide.
          (in VAX DOCUMENT format.)



          Pre-requisite Hardware.

          VAX Range of machines (Including VS).



	  Pre-requisite Software.

          VAX/VMS V4.5 upwards.

          PASCAL, SMG, SCAN.

3.6Computer Resources Capacity Planning ES.YIPPEE::FITZGIBBONJoe Fitzgibbon EAITC ValbonneWed Sep 14 1988 13:0512
    
    		Capacity Planning Project start-up.
    
    The European AITC has satrted a project for the development of a
    Computer resources capacity Planning ES in co-operation with the
    USA and GIA.
    
    For more info hit SELECT to have the Capacity_planning conference
    added to your list.
    
    Joe.
    
3.7Mail Filter for ALL-IN-1YIPPEE::FITZGIBBONJoe Fitzgibbon EAITC ValbonneFri Sep 16 1988 15:4853
 Project Name	:  Mail Skimmer

 Project Status :  Prototype (pre-phase 0)


 Description:-

	Production of a Prototype Mail Skimmer which can quickly be integrated
	into ALL-IN-1 in order to obtain a better understanding of the User 
	Needs.

	This is a joint venture between ESDC Galway (Pat Phelan and Niamh
	Scannell), NSTC Valbonne(Tony Redmond), IOSG UK (Dave Matthews) and
	European AI Technology Centre Valbonne (Serge Himbaut).

	Details of the prototype can be had from Joe (YIPPEE::) Fitzgibbon.


 Current status:-

	Objective is to meet short term deliverables aimed at demonstrating the
	possibilities, and providing a mechanism by which a better understanding
	of user needs can be obtained.

	ALL-IN-1 Interface:-

		The details of this interface have been agreed between 
		Tony Redmond, Niamh Scannell and Serge Himbaut. The style 
		of this interface (i.e. the structure of the interface files
		created and maintained by AI1) are a compromise between 
		percevied information needs of the Mail Sorter software and the
		constraints imposed by the AI1 forms package.

		It is understood that this interface mechanism can be improved
		with later versions of AI1.


	Mail Sorter:-

		Module organisation has been defined. Niamh has been busy with
		specification of Rules whilst Serge has started the production
		of the prototype code in PASCAL. 


	Forecast:-

		Progress is on target for the Mail Sorter software to be 
		made available to Tony for integration into AI1 on 18th
		May.

Regards,
	Joe.
3.8KBO's Project DFAKBOV01::CAOXUANThu Jan 19 1989 12:37243
Project: Expert system for Design for Assembly (DFA)
     
Location: KBO Kaufbeuren /Germany        
                          
Project Manager:  Mach Caoxuan (KBOMFG::CAOXUAN)
    
Project Team :	  University Munich
    		  University Darmstadt
    		  ( University Munich)         
    
ABSTRACT:
Improving product designs for assemblability is an improtant goal of
manufacturing and should result in lower manufacturing cost.
In cooperation with Universities the KBO-AMT group has been working 
in the area of DFA methodologies and applications, and in the development
expert systems for Design for manufacturability.

The subject of this report is to give a comprehensive overview of the work
on DFA project that has been performed during the FY88.  
                                                      

1. Introduction:

DFA is a technique to design products with ease of assembly in mind. By
applying DFA a product can be systematically designed to minimise the 
technological and financial efforts required for assembly while remaining
within the constraints of tje product's functionality.

DFA procedures have traditionally relied on the use of a few general guidelines
to aid the designer in the two major areas of the subject: product assembly
and component feeding and orientating. Systems and Tools have been developed
that enable designers to measure the ease or difficulty with which components
can be handled and assembled. The main problem in using all these tools is
either thar their lack entirely in dealing with assembly problem, or that
their application is tedious, cost intensive and extremly time-consuming.
Moreover, the application of these tools does not guarantee success in every
case because most of the knowledge on DFA exist only as experience which 
brings irreproducible results.

Contrary to these systems and tools, the design process with KBO-AMT's DFA 
Expert System starts at the conceptual design stage where the structure of the 
product as the whole is considered. Upon completion of the analysis and design 
of the product structure, the system considers the invidual parts, insertion
and assembly processes .

In cooperation with University Munich (IFI) and Technische Hochschule 
Darmstadt (EMK) the project was started in FY86. In the first project phase 
EMK examined systematically the state of the art in design rules and pratical
knowledge available for designing products with high assemblability. The result 
of this work is a Design for Assembly Catalogue. On the basis of this catalogue
a prototype for Product Structure Analysis in view of assembly were provided
by IFI. 

Currently we are working on the development the second prototype called
" Expert System for Handling Analysis" . Besides a graphical DFA Examples
Library is also on development.



2. Objectives:

2.1  Tool for calculation of parts handling charactersitics
An important portion of all assembly operations ist the handling
(i.e. gripping, transportation, orientating, etc.) of assembly parts 
Therefore handling oriented design as an integral part
of DFA is an essential precondition for an economic automation
of the assembly process .

The handling oriented design requires a detailed analysis of the
parts characteristics. Design rules can help to detect weak points
and to optimise the part with regard to its handling functions
 
 
Most of these design rules are closely related to the parts geometry.
Therefore to assess the "handlability" using an expert system it will
be necessary to decribe the parts shape to the system. To do this 
entirely by means of an interactive dialogue will fail because of the
huge amount of data.

At Institute EMK an interfacing module for calculation of geometry
parameters is beeing developed, which will take over data from CAD
and make them "understandable" for the design rules within the
expert system .


2.2 Development a expert system for "design for assembly"
The aim of this period was to find out whether the knowledge on design for 
assembly can be applied in a mechanized way utilizing artificial intelligence 
techniques. This task should be carried out by analyzing and refining the 
knowledge and developing a proper representation formalism for it.

2.2.1 Knowledge Acquisition

The first attempts to formalize the "catalog-knowledge" have shown that it
is based on a huge amount of implicit domain knowledge resp. fundamental
physical laws. The statements in the catalog had to be clarified and the
implicit knowledge made explicit. This task has been carried out in
collaboration with EMK and KBO-AMTduring intensive discussions and case 
studies of several products.

To simplify the knowledge acquisition we are now working on the development
a object oriented representation system, which enables the DFA Expert 
describing his domain knowledge hierarchically and expert system suitable. 

2.2.2 Development of the Knowledge Representation Formalisms

Today knowledge representation is still an active area of research and there
exists no general approach suitable for every problem domain. So IFI had
to start with the development of an appropriate system. The basic idea is to
model physical or technical systems by components and aggregation of
 components.
This approach has the advantage to be cognitive adequate and psychological
intuitive as it is based on the ideas engeneers have from systems they deal
with. Implementing this ideas we took an object-oriented approach with
hierarchical structures and inheritance mechanisms which combine different
ideas from already existing systems. The elements of this underlaying
knowledge representation are classes, attributes and instances.

Since the development of Smalltalk-80, LOOPS or Flavors, object-oriented
systems have become very popular and the notion of classes and instances
is well known. Classes are used to describe a set of similar objects, thus
defining the structure and behaviour of the objects, while instances of a
class represent the objects or individuals themselfs and hold the actual
information. The advantages are obvious. Insted of storing information
as an unstructured collection of facts (like in pure logic), all relevant
data can be grouped around conceptual entities.
Classes describe their instances by providing attributes for each property.
To reduce the amount of description a powerfull inheritance mechanism can be
used to specify that some objects are almost like other objects exept for
the differencies explicitly stated.



The so far described formalism for knowledge representation privides only a
basic layer upon which more sophisticated structures can be constructed.

4 main structures seem to be necessary to build up a knowledge base in a 
technical domain:

- Components:  are elementary objects of the real world; they are the basic
               elements of our domain, e.g. assembly parts.
               To describe a component it is necessary to specify its function
               its interaction with other parts and its task in some greater
               context.

- Aggregates:  are composed objects, like assemblies or subassemblies.
               In addition to the previous mentioned attributes for components
               an aggregate must name the components of which it consits
               and describe how they are connected.

- Concepts:    are objects of the non-material world, e.g. methods or technical
               terms. They can be described by specifying the involved objects
               and the constraints they underlay. By defining subconcepts a
               structured concept description on several levels of abstraction
               is possible.

- Constraints: express relations between physical objects or properties,
               e.g. physical laws.
               To specify a constraint it will be necessary to state the
               involved physical objects and the concept for which this
               relations will hold.



Beside the taxonomical knowledge represented using the object oriented
mechanisms there exist a lot of heuristic or procedural knowledge.
Commonly used formalisms for representing this kind of knowledge are
the so called "rules" or "production rules".
A rule is a construct of the form

        if  <condition>  then  <action>

whereas <condition> is a description of a situation and <action> is a
conclusion or action to be performed if the situation occurs during the
reasoning process.


2.2.3 Prototype Expert System

Corresponding to the demands of the knowledge representation
formalisms a prototype expert system architecture has been developed
and its components implemented.
Because of the two explicitly distinguished kinds of knowledge -
taxonomical and heuristic - extra knowledge bases and reasoning tools for
both of them are necessary.




Knowledge Base(s)

The procedural part of the domain knowledge is beeing represented as rules
and facts - utilizing the self defined production rule format as well as
pure prolog rules.
The taxonomic or declarative knowledge is being represented as objects in
a class hierarchy. There are general descriptions for aggregates and
components (eg. screws, nuts, physical components in general, ...) as well
as concepts (eg. connection methods, ...) from which concrete instances
can be created.
For the maintenance of the class hierarchy and the instance-base an
object oriented knowledge representation system with multiple inheritance
mechanisms has been implemented. It offers various capabilities for
defining the class structure, the attributes and for creating instances.
In order to allow rule application upon objects there also exist some
attribute access functions.


Inference Engine

Rules can be interpreted using the standard prolog interpreter or the
production rule interpreter, which also utilizes a backward chaining
inference strategy. For the production rule interpreter a very simple
explanation facility has been implemented to allow "why"-questions upon
parameter requests of the interpreter.

The Concept Evaluator serves for evaluating resp. acquireing information
of the product descriptions according to the formation of concepts in the
class definitions. This component has not yet been implemented, so the
user has to give a complete product descripion in the beginning of the
consultation.


Product Description

The complete description of the product to be analysed is beeing represented
as a network of instances of the general class descriptions in the objects
knowledge base.


Intermediate Results

Facts inferred during the reasoning process which serve for further
inferences and explanation.


User Interface


Procedures for creating, changing, inspecting and saving the knowledge base
and product descriptions as well as communicating with the rule interpreter.