Conference turris::scandia

Associated Press Fri 12-SEP-1986 02:23                           Nobel Prizes

                            Nobel Prize Dates Set
    
    OSLO, Norway (AP) - The winner of this year's Nobel Peace Prize will be
    announced here Oct. 14, the Norwegian Nobel Institute said. In
    Stockholm, the Swedish Nobel Foundation said Nobel Prize announcements
    there will be made Oct. 13 for medicine, Oct. 15 for physics and
    chemistry and Oct. 16 for the memorial prize for economics. No date has
    been set for announcing the winner of the literature prize. 
    
    The Nobel Institute in Oslo said Thursday that 90 individuals and
    organizations, 10 fewer than last year's record number, have been
    nominated for the 1986 Peace Prize. Each laureate this year will
    receive a stipend of approximately $280,000. A gold medal and diploma
    go with the stipends. 
    
    The Nobel Prize award ceremonies are held annually in Oslo and
    Stockholm on Dec. 10, the date when donor Alfred Nobel, the Swedish
    inventor of dynamite, died in San Remo, Italy in 1896. 
    
    Nominations are kept secret by the five-member Norwegian Nobel
    Committee and Nobel Institute, which serves as its secretariat. But the
    names of candidates, who may be individuals or organizations, are
    sometimes leaked by nominators, who include previous winners, former
    members of the Nobel Committee and academians from around the world. 
    
    Said to be on this year's list of peace prize candidates are: 
    
    -Imprisoned South African nationalist leader Nelson Mandela and his
    wife Winnie, an anti-apartheid activist. South African bishop Desmond
    Tutu won the prize in 1984. 
    
    -The International Olympic Committee. 
    
    -Bob Geldof, the Irish rock musician who last year organized charity
    concerts to aid drought-stricken Africa. 
    
    -Beate Klarsfeld, a French-German investigator of former Nazis. 
    
    -Prime Minister David Lange of New Zealand, an opponent of nuclear
    tests and nuclear weapons. 

Associated Press Sat 11-OCT-1986 12:10                  WKD--Nobel-Literature

                The Idealism of the Nobel Prize for Literature

                                By JOHAN RAPP
                           Associated Press Writer

    STOCKHOLM, Sweden (AP) - After 84 years of conferring the Nobel Prize
    for Literature, the Swedish Academy still hasn't figured out what sort
    of writer Alfred Bernhard Nobel had in mind when he set up the award. 

    Nobel, the Swedish chemist who invented dynamite, was something of a
    pacifist who feared the destructive potential of his creation. He died
    in 1896 and stipulated in his will that the prize should be awarded to
    the author who produced "the most outstanding work of an ideal
    tendency." 

    So over the years the Nobel has gone to such disparate writers as
    William Faulkner, George Bernard Shaw, Eugene O'Neill, Samuel Beckett
    and Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Rather than untangle the intent of Nobel's
    "ideal tendency" concept, the academy stressed different parts of the
    humanitarian's instructions and looked at the body of an author's work. 

    The $285,000 prize is to be announced this month. Among the writers who
    might be considered are Nadine Gordimer and Athol Fugard of South
    Africa, Wole Soyinka of Nigeria and Primo Levi of Italy. 

    Since the first literature prize was bestowed to the French poet Rene
    F.A. Sully-Prudhomme in 1901, the awarding body has often redefined
    Nobel's idealism, says the Swedish poet and academy member Kjell
    Espmark. "The history of the Nobel Literature Prize appears to be a
    series of attempts to interpret a vaguely phrased will," says Espmark
    in his recent book, "Det Litteraera Nobelpriset" ("The Nobel Prize for
    Literature"). 

    The 18-member academy, founded in 1786 to serve as a watchdog on the
    Swedish language, at first interpreted "ideal tendency" as a
    conservative version of an idealism: a firm belief in God's order on
    Earth based on the family. Prizes at the beginning of the century went
    to the German liberal historian Theodor Mommsen ("History of Rome"),
    Rudyard Kipling with his romantic view of British imperialism and the
    classic poet Giosue Carducci ("Pagan Odes"). 

    However, it was later found that Nobel had something more explosive in
    mind. Espmark cites an old letter in which a close friend of Nobel
    describes the inventor: "He was an anarchist who by `ideal tendency'
    meant a critical stance towards religion, the monarchy, marriage and
    the social order as a whole." Nevertheless, the academy cited Nobel's
    will as grounds for rejecting the Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy who, it
    said, gave sheer coincidence a decisive role in world events. 

    French author Emile Zola was rejected because of his "secular and
    sometimes grossly cynical" writings. Norway's Henrik Ibsen was
    "negative and puzzling in an offensive way," while Sweden's own
    literary giant, August Strindberg, another stern critic of traditional
    values, was not even considered. British novelist Graham Greene and the
    German writer Gunter Grass have also been ignored by the academy. 

    Espmark said that early on Nobel's money was not being used to promote
    his belief in internationalism. Instead, it was spent on a
    "provincialist struggle against modern ideas and language." This was,
    however, radically changed as the old guard, elected to the academy for
    life, died and were replaced by a new generation of writers and
    scholars. 

    Following intense debate during the 1920s and 1930s, the newly elected
    members eventually altered the interpretation of "ideal tendency" to
    mean "profound human sympathy" and "broadly humanitarian authorship."
    This expanded definition paved the way for prizes to the Irish poet
    W.B. Yeats (1923), the playwright George Bernard Shaw (1925) and the
    German novelist Thomas Mann (1929). 

    World War II triggered yet another re-evaluation of the "ideal
    tendency." While the Nazis ruled in Germany, Herman Hesse, author of
    the psychological novel "Steppenwolf," was dismissed by the academy for
    his "ethical anarchy," Espmark said. However, he was awarded a Nobel in
    1946 for his "extremely courageous spiritual experiments." 

    In recent years the literature prize has gone largely to modernist
    explorers and isolated masters. Two years after Hesse, T.S. Eliot, the
    American expatriate poet who became a British citizen, received the
    Nobel. Last year the French writer Claude Simon, who had been on the
    academy's list of candidates for more than 20 years, was honored for
    his development of the "nouveau roman" or "new novel," a form of
    fiction writing in which metaphorical language is eschewed for direct
    experience. 

    In between those literary pioneers, the prize went to such authors as
    British philosopher Bertrand Russell, a leader of the "ban the bomb"
    movement, the Southern author William Faulkner and French author
    Francois Mauriac, writers who had completed a tradition. 

    In the early 1970s there was a new emphasis on Nobel's stated wish that
    the prize should be used to promote authors who are still active,
    Espmark said. Members of the academy also said the prize should be used
    to draw attention to local masters who were not known to a worldwide
    audience, authors such as Isaac Bashevis Singer, Odysseus Elytis,
    Czeslaw Milosz and Elias Canetti in the years 1978-1981. 

    However, the academy is still criticized for awarding the prize
    primarily to writers in Western Europe and the United States, even
    though Nobel clearly stated that the prize should be given to the most
    worthy writer, regardless of nationality. 

    Of the 82 Nobel Prizes for Literature, not one has gone to an African.
    Only two Asian authors have won a Nobel prize: Rabindranath Tagore of
    India (1913) and Yasunari Kawabata of Japan (1968). Four Latin American
    writers have won: Gabriela Mistral (1945) and Pablo Neruda (1971) of
    Chile, Miguel Angel Asturias of Guatemala (1967) and Gabriel Garcia
    Marquez of Colombia (1982). 

    In recent years the academy has been under mounting pressure to honor
    Third World authors. Ba Jin of China, Pramoeyda Ananta Toer of
    Indonesia, Yasushi Inoue of Japan are among Asians whose names have
    been bandied about. Derek Walcott of Trinidad, a lyrical poet described
    by Robert Graves as the greatest contemporary writer of English, also
    could be a candidate. 

    Senegalese author Leopold Sedar Senghor has been under consideration,
    as has Carlos Fuentes, whose "The Old Gringo" in March became the first
    work by a Mexican writer to appear on the New York Times best-seller
    list. 

    However, Espmark said there are few Third World candidates because of
    language barriers and a scarcity of nominations. However, the academy
    has started to order translations of their works. The Swedish
    Orientalist and Sinologist, Professor Goeran Malmkvist, was elected
    into the academy last year. 

Associated Press Mon 13-OCT-1986 08:12                         Nobel-Medicine


        Nobel Medicine Prize Awarded to American and Italian-American

    STOCKHOLM, Sweden (AP) - An American biochemist and an Italian-American
    developmental biologist won the 1986 Nobel Prize in medicine today for
    their work contributing to the understanding and eventual treatment of
    cancerous tumors, senility and other conditions. 

    Stanley Cohen, a researcher at the Vanderbilt University School of
    Medicine in Nashville, Tenn., and Rita Levi-Montalcini of the Institute
    of Cell Biology C.N.R. in Rome were cited by the Nobel Assembly of
    Stockholm's Karolinska Institute for their discoveries of mechanisms
    regulating cell and organ growth. The two, who worked together during
    the 1950s, have discovered bodies called "growth factors." 

    The awarding assembly said the discovery of growth factors was expected
    in the near future to result in new drugs and improved treatment of
    various diseases. 

    The two winners will split a cash stipend of 2 million Swedish kronor,
    about $290,000 at the current rate of exchange. 

    Endocrinology professor Kerstin Hall, a member of the Nobel Assembly,
    said at a news conference that the prize was awarded to the two
    researchers decades after their discoveries because "only in the last
    10 years or so have the meaning of these results been investigated."
    "We now stand at the threshold of being able to use this clinically,"
    she said. "Also, in the last decade the number of growth factors
    discovered has risen explosively." She said medical science now knew of
    40 to 50 growth factors, thanks largely to the pioneering research of
    this year's winners.
     
    [--  Extensive biography of the two winners, originally here, removed
         for space and conference relevancy considerations    --]
    
    Before this year's award, 59 Americans had won the medicine prize alone
    or jointly since it was first awarded in 1901. Thirty-two Americans
    have won the prize, often awarded jointly, in the last two decades
    alone. 

    Last year's winners were American researchers Michael S. Brown and
    Joseph L. Goldstein, both of the University of Texas in Dallas. They
    were awarded the prize for research that Nobel officials said could
    lead to new treatment of cholesterol-related high blood pressure,
    arteriosclerosis and strokes. 

    The Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine is the first to be announced
    in this year's series of awards established in the will of Alfred
    Nobel, the Swede who invented dynamite. He died in 1896, leaving a
    large fortune to be invested and finance the prizes. The prizes, along
    with diplomas and gold medals, are presented to the laureates on Dec.
    10. 

    The remaining announcements this week are the Nobel Peace Prize, to be
    announced by the Norwegian Parliament's Nobel committee in Oslo on
    Tuesday; and the physics and chemistry prizes, both to be announced
    Wednesday by the Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm. 

    On Thursday, the Swedish academy will also award the Alfred Nobel
    Memorial Prize in Economic Science, a late addition to the series set
    up and first awarded in 1969 by the Riksbank, Sweden's central bank. 

    No date has been set for the literature prize, which is usually
    announced on a Thursday in October. 

Associated Press Tue 14-OCT-1986 01:24                           Nobel-Norway

             Prestigous Peace Prize Is Only One Awarded in Norway
    
                               By LARRY GERBER
                           Associated Press Writer
    
    OSLO, Norway (AP) - A quirk in the will of dynamite inventor Alfred
    Nobel makes the Peace Prize the only one of the five prestigious awards
    to be awarded outside Sweden, his homeland. No one is sure why the
    millionaire industrialist wanted it that way. 
    
    His will, handwritten in Paris and dated Nov. 27, 1895, doesn't
    explain, but it may have to do with the fact that Sweden and Norway at
    the time were joined in a political union, which was not dissolved
    until 1905. The will specifies that the Sweden's Royal Academy of
    Sciences choose the physics and chemistry awards, the Karolinska
    Institute in Stockholm pick the "physiological or medical" prize winner
    and the Swedish Academy name the literature laureate. 
    
    "That for champions of peace (shall be awarded) by a committee of five
    persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting," or parliament, says
    Nobel's will. 
    
    Nobel died Dec. 10, 1896, leaving behind a fortune estimated at 31.5
    million Swedish kronor, $4.6 million at today's rates, from the
    manufacture of dynamite, arms, nitroglycerine and other chemicals. "The
    capital, invested in safe securities by my executors, shall constitute
    a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form
    of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred
    the greatest benefit on mankind," Nobel's will says. 
    
    His wishes were not carried out until 1900, when an institute was set
    up to administer the prize money and divide it five ways for the
    winners. The first prizes were awarded in 1901. 
    
    The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science, first awarded in 1969,
    comes from the Swedish National Bank and is not a Nobel prize in the
    same sense as the others. However, it carries a cash award equal in
    value to that of the Nobels, which varies from year to year. This
    year's awards are worth a record $290,000. 
    
    All the selection committees carry out their work in secret, although
    the public sometimes learns who is being discussed through leaks. 
    
    Over the years, the peace prize and the literature prize have generated
    the most controversy, possibly because Nobel's will is ambiguous on the
    qualifications for winning. The Nobel Peace Prize should go to "the
    person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity
    between peoples, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and
    for the holding and promotion of peace congresses." 
    
    Controversial past winners include former U.S. Secretary of State Henry
    Kissinger and peace negotiator Le Duc Tho of North Vietnam, and Anwar
    Sadat of Egypt and Menachem Begin of Israel. The selections of Polish
    labor leader Lech Walesa, the human rights monitoring group Amnesty
    International and Soviet dissident Andrei D. Sakharov for the Nobel
    Peace Prize were acclaimed in the West, but ignored or ridiculed in
    many communist countries. 
    
    Criteria for the literature winner have also varied widely in the years
    since 1901. The laureate is supposed to be "the person who shall have
    produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work of an
    idealistic tendency," the will says, without saying exactly what Nobel
    meant by "idealistic tendency." 

Associated Press Tue 14-OCT-1986 07:45                            Nobel-Peace

       Nazi Holocaust Survivor Elie Wiesel Wins 1986 Nobel Peace Prize
    
                               By LARRY GERBER
                           Associated Press Writer
                    [Long article condensed by moderator]
    
    OSLO, Norway (AP) - Elie Wiesel, a survivor of the Nazi Holocaust, was
    awarded the 1986 Nobel Peace Prize today for his commitment to human
    dignity and his efforts against the forces of repression worldwide, the
    prize committee said. 
    
    "Elie Wiesel has emerged as one of the most important spiritual leaders
    and guides in an age when violence, repression and racism continue to
    characterize the world," the citation from the Norwegian Nobel
    Committee said. 
    
    Wiesel, 58, a naturalized American, has written extensively about his
    experiences in World War II concentration camps, about the condition of
    Jews in the Soviet Union and other human rights issues. He lives in New
    York City and holds a professorship at Boston University. 
    
    Eighty-one names including 57 individuals and 24 organizations were
    under consideration for this year's peace prize. The five-member prize
    committee, chosen by the Storting, Norway's parliament, made the
    selection. 
    
    Speaking by telephone from New York to AP Network News, Wiesel today
    expressed "overwhelming gratitute, gratitude to the committee chairman
    and the Norwegian people" for his selection as the 1986 peace laureate.
    He added: "After all, I have devoted my life to a certain cause, the
    cause of memory, the cause of remembrance, and now I feel that maybe I
    will have a better opportunity to say the same words - I'm not going to
    change now - for more people." 
    
    Wiesel had been proposed several times for the peace prize by previous
    winners and numerous groups of national legislators, including one from
    the West German Bundestag. 

    Since the first award of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1901, there have been
    19 years without peace laureates, most recently 1972. Last year's
    winner was an organization, International Physicians for the Prevention
    of Nuclear War, which is jointly headed by a Soviet and an American
    doctor. 

In reporting on Dr. Weisel's selection, a Boston radio station, WBUR,
broadcast the end of a lecture he gave recently (quoted from memory):

    A king once visited a Talmudic scholar, noted for his wisdom.
    "If you are so wise, you can answer my question -- I hold a bird
    in my hands behind my back.  Is the bird alive or dead?"

    The scholar thought to himself: if he wants to, the king can
    make my answer false, no matter what I say.

    Then he answered: "Oh king, the answer to your question is in
    your hands."

Associated Press Wed 15-OCT-1986 10:29                           Nobel Prizes

                Six Scientists Share Chemistry, Physics Prizes

                              By DICK SODERLUND
                           Associated Press Writer
            [Condensed by the contributor from the longer article]
    
    STOCKHOLM, Sweden (AP) - Two Americans and a Canadian today shared the
    1986 Nobel Prize in chemistry for their pioneering study of basic
    chemical reactions, and the physics prize was awarded jointly to a
    Swiss and two West German researchers who developed modern microscopes. 
    
    The chemistry prize was awarded to Dudley R. Herschbach, 54, of Harvard
    University, Yuan T. Lee of the University of California at Berkeley,
    and John C. Polanyi, 57, of the University of Toronto. Two other Nobel
    prizes awarded so far this year have gone to Americans, for medicine
    and the Nobel Peace Prize. 
    
    The Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences said the chemistry prizewinners'
    work had provided a much more detailed understanding of how chemical
    reactions take place. The three will equally share a cash prize
    equivalent to $290,000. 
    
    The academy awarded one-half of the $290,000 physics prize to Ernst
    Ruska, 79, who works at the Fritz Haber Institute in Berlin, for
    fundamental work in electron optics and designing the first electron
    microscope. The academy called the electron microscope, which can see
    viruses too small to be perceived with conventional microscopes, ``one
    of the most important inventions of this century.'' 
    
    The other half of the physics prize was shared by Dr. Gerd Binnig, 39,
    of Frankfurt, West Germany, and Swiss Dr. Heinrich Rohrer, 53, who both
    work at the IBM Research Lboratory at Zurich, Switzerland. The academy
    cited them for the design of the scanning tunneling microscope, which
    has made possible the first pictures of individual atoms. 
    
    Ruska, noting that he built his first electron microscope in 1931,
    said, "I could have perhaps expected this (the award) 40 years ago, but
    normally it is given for new discoveries." He spoke by telephone from a
    hotel in Bad Bellingen, a Rhine river resort town in southern West
    Germany. 
    
    Swedish physics Professor Sven Johansson said Ruska's invention
    "revolutionized biological and medical research." A standard electron
    microscope can magnify objects up to 1 million times. The scanning
    tunneling electron microscope, a further refinement, can magnify
    objects up to 300 million times. 
    
    It was the second straight year that West Germany captured the physics
    prize, a category dominated by the United States after World War II.
    Last year, Klaus von Klitzing won the prize for his discovery of the
    quantized Hall effect, which established precise steps in the behavior
    of electrons under certain applications in semiconductor electronics. 
    
    Of the 103 chemistry laureates named since 1901, 29 have been Americans
    - 26 of them after World War II. Last year, American professors Herbert
    A. Hauptman of the Medical Foundation of Buffalo, N.Y., and Jerome
    Karle of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory shared the chemistry award
    for developing direct methods for the determination of crystal
    structures. 
    
    The prize for literature and the economics prize, established in Alfred
    Nobel's memory in 1969, are to be announced Thursday. 
    

Associated Press Thu 16-OCT-1986 07:10                           Nobel Prizes

                        American Wins Economics Prize
    
                               By LARRY GERBER
                           Associated Press Writer
    
    STOCKHOLM, Sweden (AP) - An American, James McGill Buchanan, won the
    1986 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science today for his development
    of bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making.
    Buchanan, 67, a professor at George Mason University in Fairfax, Va.,
    was cited for his contributions in a field called new political
    economy, or "public choice," an area on the boundary of economic and
    political science studies. 
    
    The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, in announcing the award, said
    Buchanan's work filled a gap in traditional economics, which had lacked
    an independent theory of political decision-making. 
    
    "Buchanan's contribution is that he has transferred the concept of gain
    derived from mutual exchange between individuals to the realm of
    political decision-making," the academy said in a statement. "The
    political process thus becomes a means of cooperation aimed at
    achieving reciprocal advantages. But the result of this process depends
    on `rules of the game,' i.e., the constitution in a broad sense," the
    statement said. 
    
    "According to Buchanan, it is often futile to advise politicians or
    influence the outcome of specific issues," the statement said. "In a
    given system of rules, the outcome is to a large extent determined by
    established political constellations." 
    
    The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science is not one of the original
    five Nobel Prizes, which were first awarded in 1901 as a legacy of
    Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite. The
    economics prize was established in 1968 by the Swedish National Bank as
    a memorial to Nobel. It has the same value of the other prizes, which
    is a record 2 million Swedish kronor, or $290,000 this year. 
    
    It was the 14th time in the 18 years of the award that an American won
    or shared the prize. American theorist Franco Modigliani of the
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who is credited with pioneering
    theories of personal finance, won the economics award last year. 
    
    The Swedish Academy of letters planned to announce the Nobel Prize in
    literature later today. 
    
    French writer Claude Simon, who in the 1950s helped pioneer an
    experimental "new novel" style that did away with such literary norms
    as plot and character development, won the 1985 literature Nobel. The
    prizes will be awarded in Oslo, Norway, and in Stockholm on Dec. 10,
    the anniversary of Nobel's death in 1886. 

Associated Press Thu 16-OCT-1986 12:00                           Nobel Prizes

                        Nigerian Wins Literature Prize
    
                               By LARRY GERBER
                           Associated Press Writer
                       [Condensed from longer article]
    
    STOCKHOLM, Sweden (AP) - Wole Soyinka, a prolific novelist, playwright,
    poet and passionate social critic who was jailed in his native Nigeria
    during the Biafra war, today became the first African winner of the
    Nobel Prize for literature. The Swedish Academy of Letters cited
    Soyinka, 52, as a writer "who in a wide cultural perspective and with
    poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence." 
    
    Soyinka told reporters in Paris today, "I hope this prize has not been
    awarded because I have been a vigorous critic of my government and
    others, Idi Amin's (in Uganda), for example. I don't want to think for
    a single moment it's because of my political stand." He had arrived in
    Paris from New York to attend a meeting of the International Theater
    Institute, which he heads. 
    
    Soyinka, who writes in English, has published about 20 works, including
    more than a dozen plays and two novels. Many of his works deal with
    life in Nigeria and are satirical. 

    Past Nobel Prizes for literature have gone predominantly to Western
    writers. Only three previous Nobel literature prizewinners were from
    Asia and four from Latin America, while Soyinka is the first from
    Africa. Last year, the prize was awarded to French writer Claude Simon,
    who in the 1950s helped pioneer an experimental "new novel" style that
    did away with such literary norms as plot and character development. 

Associated Press Mon 08-DEC-1986 02:04                        Nobel-Laureates

                 Winners Say Nobel Award Changed Their Lives
    
                                By JOHAN RAPP
                           Associated Press Writer
    
    STOCKHOLM, Sweden (AP) - Winners of the Nobel Prizes in physics,
    chemistry and economics say their lives have changed with the
    prestigious international awards they will officially receive
    Wednesday. 
    
    "The day after the announcement, it was like being in Pompeii just
    after the eruption. You know that you will go to history, but your day
    was interrupted," John Polanyi of the University of Toronto said
    Sunday. He shares the chemistry prize with two Americans, Dudley R.
    Herschbach of Harvard University and Taiwanese-born Yuan Lee at the
    University of California, Berkeley. The three researchers were given
    the prize for having contributed to detailed understanding of chemical
    reactions. 
    
    They appeared at a news conference along with the winner of the
    economics prize, James McGill Buchanan, and the three physics prize
    winners. "To be chosen for the prize gives you self-confidence, and no
    matter what level you are at, you always need a boost of it," said
    Buchanan, an American who teaches at George Mason University in
    Fairfax, Va. 
    
    The physics prize was shared by the oldest and the youngest of this
    year's 11 Nobel laureates, 80-year-old Ernst Ruska of West Germany and
    his countryman Gerd Binnig, 39. They shared the prize with Heinrich
    Rohrer of Switzerland. Their developments of microscopy enables mankind
    to study details the size of a few atoms. 
    
    Each Nobel category carries a prize stipend equivalent to $290,000 this
    year. Only Herschbach said that he had a ready-made plan for what he
    would do with his money - establishing a fund to support young artists. 
    
    The Social Democratic newspaper Aftonbladet said the economics prize
    was awarded to a rightist "political propagandist." Buchanan was
    awarded for the development of the "public-choice" theory according to
    which politicians try to win voters by spending on projects which
    creates budget deficits. 
    
    Buchanan said Sunday that "my word has always been unorthodox and none
    mainstream. "The theory does not have a direct political implementation
    but should be used to try and analyze an institutional structure." 
    
    The other Nobel winners this year were Italian-American Rita
    Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen of Vanderbilt University School of
    Medicine in Nashville, Tenn., winners of the medicine prize, and
    Nigerian Wole Soyinka, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature. 
    
    The 10 will receive their prizes from Swedish King Carl XVI Gustaf in a
    ceremony to be followed by a banquet. 
    
    American author Elie Wiesel will receive the Nobel Peace Prize from the
    Norwegian Nobel Committee in Oslo. 
    
    Wednesday is the anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel, the Swedish
    inventor of dynamite whose will provided for the prizes. 

    Excerpted from "Round the Swedish Year" by Downman, Austin, & Baird:
    
    December 10th, Nobel Day, [is] a public flag day. Flags should be
    raised at nine o'clock [in the] morning and lowered at sundown.
    ...
    All the other thirteen public flag days are reserved for the birthday
    of the King, Queen and the young Heir Apparent or major holidays
    such as Christmas, Easter and the first of May, and this is a measure
    of [Nobel Day's] status in the [Swedish] year.
    ...
    The actual prize-giving, which takes place in the Concert Hall in
    the center of Stockholm, must be one of the most solemn ceremonies
    in the world.  Each award is preceded by a speech, long and technical
    in content and customarily delivered in Swedish by a Swedish expert.
    The prizewinners sit on the platform, a row of stiff-shirted,
    embarrassed geniuses.  As a token of Society's homage to Genius,
    the King and Royal Family are present. On this occassion, however,
    they sit, not in the Royal Box, but in the front row of the stalls.
    The orchestra which is tucked away in the "gods" for this spotlighted
    and bejewelled event, varies the speechifying with selections from
    classical Swedish music.  The whole ceremony lasts a good two hours.
    It is followed by an enormous banquet at the Town Hall.

Associated Press Tue 09-DEC-1986 06:18                     Norway-Peace Prize

           Elie Wiesel Arrives in Oslo to Receive Nobel Peace Prize
    
                               By FRANK POWLEY
                           Associated Press Writer
    
    OSLO, Norway (AP) - American author Elie Wiesel, a survivor of the
    Holocaust who became a champion of human rights causes, arrived in Oslo
    today to accept the 1986 Nobel Peace Prize. Cited by the five-member
    Norwegian Nobel Committee as "a spiritual leader in an age of violence
    and hatred," Wiesel will receive the gold medal and diploma of the
    Peace Prize in ceremonies at Oslo University on Wednesday. 
    
    The 58-year old Wiesel, accompanied by his wife Marion and son Shlomo
    Elisha, was met at Oslo's Fornebu airport by Nobel Committee Chairman
    Egil Aarvik. 
    
    The award ceremony, attended by King Olav V, members of the royal
    family, government ministers, diplomats, Wiesel's immediate family and
    close friends, will be followed by a torchlight parade through the
    streets of Oslo and a banquet in the laureate's honor hosted by the
    Nobel Committee. 
    
    On Thursday, Wiesel will receive a check for the equivalent of about
    $290,000 that goes with the Peace prize before delivering his Nobel
    Lecture, the traditional acceptance speech. 
    
    Wiesel told the independent Trondheim daily Adressavisen last Saturday
    that he planned to use the entire prize sum to set up a fund to finance
    conferences for the study of hatred and "what can be done to prevent it
    from spreading." 
    
    The Nobel prizes for physics, chemistry, medicine, economics and
    literature will also be awarded Wednesday, but in Stockholm, Sweden. On
    Monday in Stockholm, the Nobel Prize laureates covered topics ranging
    from economic theory to apartheid in the addresses they traditionally
    give before receiving their prizes. 
    
    Nigeria's Wole Soyinka, Africa's first Nobel literature laureate,
    dedicated his lecture to Nelson Mandela, the civil rights leader
    imprisoned by the South African government. 
    
    Wiesel, who was among 81 official nominees this year, was the first
    American individual to win the peace prize in 13 years and the 17th to
    win the prize since its inauguration in 1901. Former U.S. Secretary of
    State Henry Kissinger was named co-winner with Vietnamese peace
    negotiator Le Duc Tho in 1973. 
    
    As a boy in 1944, Wiesel was one of 15,000 Jews deported by Nazi
    Germans and Hungarian fascists from his native town of Sighet, in what
    is now Rumania. In three of his 29 books, Wiesel has documented the
    suffering of the Jews during the war. He has also protested about
    measures taken against Jews in the Soviet Union today and spoken out
    against the suppression of blacks in South Africa, the Misquito Indians
    in Nicaragua as well as other persecuted groups and individuals around
    the world. 
    
    The winners are announced in October, while the awards are always on
    Dec. 10, the anniversary of the death in 1896 of Swedish dynamite
    inventor and industrialist Alfred Nobel, who established the awards in
    his will. 

Associated Press Tue 09-DEC-1986 19:59                       Nobel Ceremonies

                        Security Is Tighter Than Usual
    
                               By LARRY GERBER
                           Associated Press Writer
    
    STOCKHOLM, Sweden (AP) - Police said threats have prompted tight
    security for the royal ceremonies Wednesday in which 1986 Nobel prize
    winners will receive their awards. 
    
    Stockholm Police Superintendent Kenneth Karlsson said Tuesday: "We have
    certain threats that have led to an increase of the preparations ...
    and police forces on guard." Karlsson declined to elaborate. The
    Foreign Office said guests at the invitation-only ceremony would be
    checked more closely than in past years. Police generally have been
    more cautious since the unsolved Feb. 28 assassination of Prime
    Minister Olof Palme. 
    
    Two of the laureates said they intended to use their $290,000 awards to
    further their work. Africa's first literature laureate, Wole Soyinka of
    Nigeria, said he would use some of his money to fund a new literary
    award in his home country. Peace prize winner Elie Wiesel of the United
    States told reporters in Norway that he planned to use his money for
    one conference on human rights and another "to see what we've learned
    from Hiroshima for the sake of humanity." 
    
    Besides Soyinka and Wiesel, this year's 11 recipients included American
    economist James M. Buchanan, a scholarly proponent of balanced national
    budgets, and West Germany's Ernst Ruska, who turns 80 on Dec. 25 and is
    the oldest of this year's laureates. Ruska shared the physics prize for
    his development of the electron microscope in the 1930s. 
    
    The winners in literature, physics, chemistry, medicine and economics
    traditionally receive their prizes in Stockholm from the King of
    Sweden. 
    
    Alfred Nobel, the founder of the prize, ordered in his will that the
    Peace Prize be awarded in Norway, and the Norwegian King attends the
    Oslo ceremonies, which usually are more solemn and moderate than the
    Stockholm fete. 
    
    The 10 Stockholm laureates began arriving last weekend and were taken
    on a round of receptions, speeches and sightseeing tours. "The schedule
    here has been very rigorous," said Margaret Polanyi, daughter of
    chemistry laureate John C. Polanyi of Canada. 
    
    Soyinka told reporters when he arrived on Saturday that Nigerian
    writers had long been trying to set up a national literary award, but
    were never able to afford it. "Now we can," he said. "Otherwise I have
    not thought about the money. I am not a money man." 
    
    Wiesel, who survived the Nazi Holocaust to become a crusader against
    intolerance and racism, said he had two projects in mind. "The first
    project will be a conference against hate or on hate," he said. "The
    second project will be a Hiroshima conference for humanity to bring
    together again philosphers, moralists, psychologists, scientists,
    humanists to see what we've learned from Hiroshima for the sake of
    humanity," he said on arrival in Oslo Tuesday. 

    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    reply
    today is the "nobel festen" in stockholm   "hipp hipp hurra"

Associated Press Mon 20-APR-1987 13:46                       BRF--Nobel Prize

                              Prize Money Raised
    
    STOCKHOLM, Sweden (AP) - The Nobel Foundation is raising the amount of
    its annual prizes by eight percent this year, Sweden's national news
    agency said Monday. The prizes for peace, medicine, chemistry, physics
    and literature will be raised to 2.175 million kroner, worth $345,000
    at current exchange rates. 
    
    The prizes are paid for with interest from an endowment left by
    dynamite inventor Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896. The Swedish national
    bank said it was matching the award money for the sixth Nobel prize, in
    economics, which it established in 1965, said the news agency TT. 
    
    The prizes are announced each fall and awarded Dec. 10 in ceremonies in
    Stockholm and Oslo, Norway. 

    Extracted from Science, Vol. 240, 15 April 1988: 

    Thanks to some good fortune on the stock market, Sweden's Nobel
    Foundation is raising the amount available for the 1988 Nobel Prizes by
    15% to 2.5 million Swedish crowns, or about $428,000 for each of the
    five prizes. 

    According to the foundation's executive director, Stig Ramel, the
    bonanza was achieved by putting a foundation-owned real estate company,
    which owns office buildings in Stockholm and Gothenburg, on the stock
    market. Although other stocks suffered in last October's collapse, the
    total market value of the company went up 58% last year to more than
    $100 million. 

    Alfred Nobel, who founded the prize in 1896 with $150 million,
    stipulated that the money be invested in "safe securities," says Ramel.
    Until 1953 when the government allowed the foundation to get into the
    stock market, the only investments were in bonds, and the relative
    value of the prizes shrank because of inflation. The foundation decided
    to put the company on the market because real estate prices have
    skyrocketed in the past couple of years and government has increased
    real estate taxes. 

    Now, says Ramel, the foundation is on a strong financial footing and is
    worth about $800 million. Within the next few years, he says it hopes
    to raise prizes to equal their value when they were first awarded in
    1901 -- which would now be between 3 and 4 million crowns. 

    Newsgroups: soc.culture.nordic
    Subject: Re: Nobel Prize
    Date: 15 Nov 89 18:54:49 GMT
    Organization: The Royal Inst. of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden.
 
    In article <[email protected]>
    [email protected] (Shahin Kahn) writes:
 
>So, is anyone going to the Nobel-Prize ceremonies?  What does it take
>to get an invitation (besides Vinning one!)?  Do they sell tickets?!
 
    There are essentially four ways:
 
    1. Win the Prize.
 
    2. Be a sufficiently high-ranked dignitary (king, prime minister, ...)
 
    3. Be a spouse of any of the above.
 
    4. A limited number of tickets are avaliable to university students in
       Stockholm. Because of the limited number, there's a lottery for
       "options" to buy a ticket.
 
    No, I won't go. I don't qualify under 4 anymore, and not yet under any
    of 1-3 ...
 
    Bjorn Lisper

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Newsgroups: soc.culture.nordic
    Subject: Re: Nobel Prize
    Date: 16 Nov 89 11:00:23 GMT
    Organization: Swedish Institute of Computer Science, Stockholm (Kista), 
    Sweden
 
    There are actually a limited number of tickets available to other
    groups than students. My father (who was a senior high-school teacher)
    once mentioned that teachers (at least in Stockholm) could apply for
    tickets in a lottery. 
    
    --  
    Lars-Henrik Eriksson				
    Internet: [email protected] Swedish Institute of Computer Science		
    Phone (intn'l): +46 8 752 15 09 Box 1263					
    Telefon (nat'l): 08 - 752 15 09 S-164 28  KISTA, SWEDEN

    From: [email protected] (TROND BORREHAUG HANSEN)
    Newsgroups: clari.news.group,clari.news.europe,clari.news.interest.people,
	clari.news.goodnews,clari.news.gov.international,clari.news.hot.east_europe,clari.news.bulletin
    Subject: Gorbachev takes Nobel Peace Prize
    Keywords: international, philanthropy, special interest, people,
	human interest, good news, non-usa government, government
    Date: 15 Oct 90 12:57:39 GMT
    Location: norway, soviet union
    ACategory: international
    Slugword: nobel
     
    	OSLO, Norway (UPI) -- Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev was
    awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Monday for his "leading role" in the
    world peace process and his support for "dramatic changes."	Gorbachev,
    credited with preventing Communist regimes from crushing the peaceful
    revolutions that swept Eastern Europe last year, had topped a short
    list of nominees considered favorites for the peace prize, awarded by
    Norway's Nobel Committee.

    	"Words fail one at such moments," Gorbachev said in comments
    carried by the Soviet Union's official Tass news agency. "I am moved."	
    Gorbachev told Norwegian Radio he would come to Norway Dec. 10 to
    accept the prize.  "I am touched and proud," Gorbachev said, adding he
    felt like a  "successor to Andrei Sakharov," the late Soviet dissident
    awarded the prize in 1975.

    	Announcing the award, Committee Secretary Gidske Andersson said
    Gorbachev was chosen for "his leading role in the world peace process."	
    "Gorbachev has given many and decisive contributions to the dramatic
    changes that have marked this world," he said.

    	Andersson said the Nobel Committee considered whether to award the
    prize to more than one candidate, but "found that Gorbachev's
    importance is so great that this year the prize should go to him
    alone."  "Immense changes are in progress after his initiatives,"
    Andersson said in announcing the prestigious award, which includes
    $700,000.

    	In Washington, President Bush congratulated Gorbachev on his
    victory, saying the Soviet leader has "been a courageous force for
    peaceful change in the world."  "He has brought historically
    significant changes, both political and economic, to the Soviet Union
    and to Eastern Europe," Bush said in a written statement. "East-West
    relations hold greater promise for peace and world stability today than
    at any time in the last 45 years."

    	Apart from Gorbachev, other top contenders were Czechoslovakian
    President Vaclav Havel, African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela
    and Chinese student Chai Ling, leader of Beijing's dissident students
    during the May 1989 Tiananmen Square democracy demonstration.

    	In Moscow, Yegor Ligachev, often perceived as one of Gorbachev's
    opponents, was quoted by Norwegian Television as expressing "deep joy
    and satisfaction" at the award.   "It shows the Soviet Union is now
    regarded with confidence by the rest of the world," Norwegian
    television quoted Ligachev as saying.

    	In its citation, the Norwegian Nobel Committee said it had "wanted
    to honor Mikhail Gorbachev for his many and decisive contributions," to
    the "historic changes" now taking place between East and West.	
    "During the last few years, dramatic changes have taken place in the
    relationship between East and West. Confrontation has been replaced by
    negotiations," the citation said.

    	"The arms race is slowing down and we see a definite and active
    process in the direction of arms control and disarmament," it added.	
    "These historic changes spring from several factors," the citation
    continued, saying it wished to honor Gorbachev for his role.	
    "The greater openness he has brought about in Soviet society has also
    helped promote international trust," the citation said.

    	Roy Medvedev, a former dissident rehabilitated by Gorbachev and now
    a member of the Supreme Soviet, said the award was well-deserved.	"No
    one else in the past year has realized such success in the politics of
    peace as Gorbachev," Medvedev said.

    	Alexei Yemelyanov, another member of the Supreme Soviet, was more
    critical of the Soviet president because of his domestic problems.	
    "This is the only sphere where Gorbachev's activities have produced
    positive results, where there has been new thinking," Yemelyanov said.
    "We have become a bit more civilized and more humane. And the world has
    noticed and responded."

    	Norway's Prime Minister Jan Syse said Monday of the award to
    Gorbachev; "The award is a well-advised choice by the Nobel Committee."	
    "Gorbachev, more than any other individual, has contributed to the new
    and promising international climate. Gorbachev has, together with
    American presidents Ronald Reagan and George Bush, taken the first
    major steps towards cuts in nuclear and conventional arms," Syse said.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    From: [email protected] (TROND BORREHAUG HANSEN)
    Newsgroups: clari.news.group,clari.news.europe,clari.news.interest.people,
	clari.news.goodnews,clari.news.top.world
    Keywords: international, philanthropy, special interest, people,
	human interest, good news
    Date: 15 Oct 90 04:35:33 GMT
    Location: norway
    ACategory: international
    Slugword: nobel

    	Under the Nobel charter, awarding committees are not bound to make
    an award each year. The committee has reserved the peace prize on 19
    occasions, usually because of wars, but also in peacetime. The last
    time the award was reserved was in 1976.

    	This year's Nobel prizes are worth 4 million kroner, the equivalent
    of $700,000, and include a gold medal and a diploma to be presented to
    winners at ceremonies in Oslo and Stockholm Dec. 10, the anniversary of
    Alfred Nobel's death.

    	The peace prize is one of a series of six prestigious awards
    instituted by or named in honor of Nobel, the Swedish inventor of
    dynamite. It was first awarded in 1901.  The peace prize is the only
    one of the six prizes to be awarded in Oslo. The other prizes are
    announced in Stockholm.

    	The medicine prize was won Oct. 8 by two Americans, Joseph E.
    Murray of Boston and E. Donnall Thomas of Seattle, for work that
    cleared the way for the widespread use of life-saving organ and
    bone-marrow transplants.  The Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded
    Oct. 11 to Mexican writer, poet and essayist Octavio Paz. The physics
    and chemistry prizes are to be announced Wednesday.

    	The sixth prize was set up by the Swedish National Bank in 1968 as
    the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. The winner of this award will be
    announced Tuesday.	It is unclear why Nobel, who created the prizes in
    1895, chose Norway as the appointer and venue for the peace prize,
    although Norway was in a union with Sweden at the time of Nobel's
    death.

    From: [email protected]
    Newsgroups: clari.news.group,clari.news.europe,clari.news.interest.people,
	clari.news.goodnews,clari.news.gov.international,
    	clari.news.hot.east_europe,clari.news.top.world
    Subject: Nobel Peace Prize laureates
    Keywords: international, philanthropy, special interest, people,
	human interest, good news, non-usa government, government
    Date: 15 Oct 90 21:21:32 GMT
    Location: norway, soviet union
    ACategory: international
    Slugword: nobel-list
 
    	OSLO, Norway (UPI) -- The following is a list of winners of the
    Nobel Peace Prize:

	1990 Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet Union
	1989 The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso), Tibet
	1988 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
	1987 Oscar Arias Sanchez, Costa Rica
	1986 Elie Wiesel, USA
	1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
	1984 Desmond Tutu, South Africa
	1983 Lech Walesa, Poland
	1982 Alva Myrdal, Sweden; Alfonso Garcia Robles, Mexico
	1981 Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva
	1980 Adolfo Perez Esquivel, Argentina
	1979 Mother Teresa, India
	1978 Menachem Begin, Israel; Anwar Sadat, Egypt
	1977 Amnesty International
	1976 Mairead Corrigan, United Kingdom; Betty Williams, United Kingdom
	1975 Andrei Sakharov, Soviet Union
	1974 Sean MacBride, Ireland; Eisaku Sato, Japan
	1973 Henry A. Kissinger, USA; Le Duc Tho, Vietnam - declined the prize
	1972 No award
	1971 Willy Brandt, West Germany
	1970 Norman Borlaug, USA
	1969 International Labor Organization, Geneva
	1968 Rene Cassin, France
	1967 No award
	1966 No award
	1965 U.N. Children's Fund (UNICEF)
	1964 Martin Luther King, USA
	1963 International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva; League of Red
		Cross Societies, Geneva
	1962 Linus Pauling, USA
	1961 Dag Hammarskjold, Sweden
	1960 Albert Luthuli, South Africa
	1959 Philip Noel-Baker, United Kingdom
	1958 Georges Pire, Belgium
	1957 Lester Bowles Pearson, Canada
	1956 No award
	1955 No award
	1954 Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva
	1953 George Catlett Marshall, USA
	1952 Albert Schweitzer, France/Germany
	1951 Leon Jounhaux, France
	1950 Ralph Bunche, USA
	1949 John Boyd Orr, United Kingdom
	1948 Not awarded
	1947 The Friends Service Council, United Kingdom; The American
		Friends Service Committee, USA
	1946 Emily Green Balch, USA; John Raleigh. R. Mott, USA
	1945 Cordell Hull, USA
	1944 International Red Cross
	1943 No award.
	1942 No award.
	1941 No award.
	1940 No award.
	1939 No award.
	1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees, Switzerland
	1937 Lord Cecil of Chelwood, England
	1936 Carlos de S. Lamas, Argentina
	1935 Karl von Ossietzky, Germany
	1934 Arthur Henderson, England
	1933 Sir Norman Angell, England
	1932 No award
	1931 Jane Addams and Nicholas M. Butler, U.S.
	1930 Lars O.J. Soderblom, Sweden
	1929 Frank B. Kellogg, U.S.
	1928 No award
	1927 Fredinand Buisson, France, and Ludwig Quidde, Germany
	1926 Aristide Briand, France, and Gustav Stresemann, Germany
	1925 Sir Austen Chamberlain, England, and Charles G. Dawes, U.S.
	1924 No award
	1923 No award
	1922 Fridtjof Nansen, Norway
	1921 Karl H. Branting, Sweden, and Christian L. Lange, Norway
	1920 Leon Bourgeois, France
	1919 Woodrow Wilson, U.S.
	1918 No award
	1917 International Red Cross
	1916 No award
	1915 No award
	1914 No award
	1913 Henri La Fontaine, Belgium
	1912 Elihu Root, U.S.
	1911 Tobias M.C. Asser, Holland, and Alfred H. Fried, Austria
	1910 International Permanent Bureau for Peace, Switzerland
	1909 Auguste M.F. Beernaert, Belgium, and Baron Paul H.B.B.
		d'Estournelles de Constant de Rebecque, France
	1908 Klas P. Arnoldson, Sweden, and Frederik Bajer, Denmark
	1907 Ernesto T. Moneta, Italy, and Louis Renault, France
	1906 Theodore Roosevelt, U.S.
	1905 Bertha von Suttner, Austria
	1904 Institute for International Rights, Belgium
	1903 Sir William R. Cremer, England
	1902 Elie Ducommun and Albert Gobat, Switzerland
	1901 Henri Dunant, Switzerland; Frederick Passy, France.

    From: [email protected] (United Press International)
    Newsgroups: clari.news.economy,clari.news.gov.international,
	clari.news.europe,clari.news.interest.history
    Keywords: business, economy, non-usa government, government, history,
	human interest                                    
    Date: 16 Oct 90 04:09:32 GMT
    Location: sweden
    ACategory: usa
 
    	The first Nobel prize for economic science, presented in 1969, was
    awarded to Ragnar Frisch of Norway and Jan Tinbergen of the Netherlands
    for their work in econometrics, the application of mathematics and
    statistical methods to economic theories and problems.

    From: [email protected] (JURIS KAZA)
    Newsgroups: clari.tw.science,clari.news.europe,clari.tw.health,
	clari.news.group,clari.news.bulletin
    Subject: Nobel Prize in Medicine awarded
    Date: 7 Oct 91 14:58:09 GMT
 
 
	STOCKHOLM, Sweden (UPI) -- German physiologists Erwin Neher and Bert
Sakmann Monday were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology
for their discoveries in cellular biology.
	Both scientists are from the Max Planck Institute. Neher, 47,
conducted his research at the Biophysical Chemistry Institute in
Goettingen and Sakmann 49, at the Medicine Research Institute in
Heidelberg.
	The Karolinska Institute, which awards the $900,000 medicine prize,
said in its citation that the two men discovered how cells communicate
with their surrounding environment through channels in their membranes.
	The discovery "revolutionized modern biology," the citation said,
adding the two men's discoveries had particularly aided an understanding
of the underlying mechanisms of illnesses such as cystic fibrosis and
diabetes.
	"The Karolinska Institute has decided to award this year's prize for
discoveries concerning the function of single-ion channels," institute
spokesman Alf Lundberg told reporters at a news conference.
	Sakmann and Neher reacted to the prize with surprise and humility.
Sakmann was working on an experiment in his laboratory at the Max Planck
Medicine Research Institute in Heidelberg when he learned of the award.
	"I'm incredibly happy," he said. "But this award probably
overvalues our work."
	In Goettingen, Neher, 47 said friends used to say jokingly that his
work was worthy of a Nobel Prize but that he never believed it.
	Neher said the first thing he would do would be to "duly celbrate"
with his wife and five children.
	Professor Anita Peria of the institute explained how the Sakmann-
Neher research helps understand various diseases.
	"Cells in the body need to be able to exchange information -- both
get information in and send information out," she said.
	"Ion channels act as doors by which this information exchange can
take place. These two men's discoveries have shown how in various
illnesses the doors don't work. A lot of research is now going on to
discover how to open or shut these doors," Peria said, citing cancer,
diabetes and cistic fibrosis as primary areas.
	Neher and Sakmann used a device called an electrode pipette to inject
different agents into cells. "And they could thereby investigate the
different steps in the secretory process within the cell itself," The
Karolinska Institute statement said.
	"In this was a number of cellular secretory mechanisms have been
clarified such as the role of cyclic AMP or calcium ions. For instance
we now have a better understanding of how the hormone levels in the
blood are maintained at a certain level."
	The institute said many diseases depend entirely, or partially, on a
defect regulation of ion channels.
	"Many pathological mechanisms have been clarified during the
eighties through ion channel studies, for instance epilepsy, cardio-
vascular diseases and neuro-muscular disorders such as Lambert-Eatons
disease," the institute said, adding Neher and Sakmann's techniques now
allowed drugs to be 'tailor-made.'
	"In summary, Neher and Sakmann's contributions have meant a
revolutiuon for the field of cell biology, for the understanding of
different disease mechanisms, and opened a way to develop new and more
specific drugs," the institute said.
	Neher was born in Landsberg, Germany Mar. 20, 1944 and received an
undergraduate degree in physics at Munich's Institute of Technology in
1965. In 1967 he added a masters from the University of Wisconsin and
received his doctorate at the Munich Institute of Technology. Since then
he has worked at the Max-Planck Institute, at Yale University and at the
University of Goettingen.
	Bert Sakmann was born June 12, 1942 in Stuttgart, Germany and
received his degree in medicine at Goettingen University in 1974. He has
worked at the Max-Planck Institute for most of his career, apart from a
two-year stint between 1971 and 1973 when he was British Council Fellow
at the Department of Biophysics at London University.
	The Medicine Prize was the second of the 1991 Nobel series, following
the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded to South African writer
Nadine Gordimer. Other prizes in the six-prize series are the Peace
Prize, to be awarded in Oslo, Norway Oct. 14 and the physics and
chemistry prizes to be announced Oct. 16 in Stockholm.
	The final prize of the series is the economics award, set up by the
Swedish National Bank in 1968 as the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics.
It is to be awarded Oct. 15.
	All this year's prizes carry with them a cash sum of $900,000, a gold
medal and a diploma.
	The awards themselves will be made in Oslo and Stockholm Dec. 10, the
anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel, the Swedish inventor of
dynamite who founded the prizes in his 1896 will.

   From: [email protected] (TROND BORREHAUG HANSEN)
   Newsgroups: clari.news.gov.international,clari.news.europe,
	clari.news.issues.conflict,clari.news.interest.people,
	clari.news.issues.civil_rights,clari.news.bulletin
   Subject: Burmese opposition leader wins Nobel Peace Prize
   Date: 15 Oct 91 00:14:20 GMT
 
 
	OSLO, Norway (UPI) -- Burmese dissident leader Aung San Suu Kyi was
awarded the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize Monday for her "civilian courage"
and non-violent opposition to her nation's military rulers.
	It was unclear whether the 46-year-old daughter of Burma's post-
independence founding father would be able to travel to Oslo to receive
her prize on Dec. 10. Nobel committee spokesman Francis Sejersted, after
announcing the award, said, "All we know is that she is under very
close house arrest."
	Suu Kyi was the first woman to receive the peace prize since 1982. It
is worth $900,000 and includes a gold medal and a citation to be
presented to Suu Kyi on the anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel,
the prize's founder.
	Burma's military government seized power in September 1988 in a
bloody crackdown against pro-democracy demonstrators and has refused to
hand over power to the Southeast Asian nation's democratically elected
parliament.
	The daughter of Gen. Aung San, the hero of Burma's independence from
Britain and the founder of the Burmese army, Suu Kyi had been living a
quiet academic life in Britain until April 1988, when she returned to
Burma to nurse her ailing mother.
	Her speeches on the need for democracy and human rights in Burma
eventually made her the focus of her homeland's growing opposition to
military-dominated one-party rule, but the movement was quickly crushed
and Suu Kyi has been under house arrest in Rangoon since 1989.
	Sejersted, the Nobel spokesman, said the five-member awards committee
cited Suu Kyi's adherence to the "non-violent philosophy" of Mohandas
Gandhi of India in the face of "a regime which is characterized by
brutality." He said it also saw Suu Kyi as having tried to reconcile
the opposing factions.
	"This is one of the foremost examples of civilian courage in Asia in
the past several decades and has become an important symbol of the fight
against oppression," Sejersted said.
	The spokesman said the Nobel committee was not trying to influence
developments in Burma by awarding the prize to Aung San Suu Kyi, but
added that members of the panel, "of course, give some thought as to
the possible effect that the award may have."
	Sejersted said the Nobel Committee had made efforts and "used
certain channels" to contact Suu Kyi immediately before the
announcement of the award and had sent an official announcement to the
president of Burma.
	The last woman to be awarded the prestigious prize was Sweden's Alvy
Myrdal in 1982. Other women honored were Mother Theresa of Calcutta in
1979, Northern Ireland peace activists Betty Williams and Mairead
Corrigan in 1976, Emily G. Balch of the United States in 1946, Jane
Addams of the United States in 1931 and Austria's Baroness Bertha von
Suttner in 1905.
	Suu Kyi's husband, Briton Michael Aris, said he hoped the award will
result in her release from house arrest and show the world her
courageous non-violent struggle for human rights.
	But he added, "I think she will ... only be able to travel to Oslo
in December to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in person if the
authorities undertake not to prevent her return, even if it is only to
resume her solitary detention."
	Aris, a visiting professor at Harvard University, said in Cambridge,
Mass., that he had not had any communication with his wife since
Christmas 1989, about six months after she was put under house arrest,
but he said it is "my belief, my intuition" that she is well.
	In Bangkok, Thailand, exiled Burmese dissidents hailed the award,
saying it would put pressure on the Burmese military government to hand
over power to the legislature. "The whole people will be glad and
become more active," said a leader of exiled Burmese dissidents who
requested anonymity. "She can help our people and help our Burma to
become a democratic country."
	The choice of Suu Kyi came as no surprise. She headed a list of three
top contenders which also included the Salvation Army and Chinese
dissident student Chai Ling. All three also were nominees for the 1990
prize which was awarded to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev.
	The Nobel peace prize is one of a series of six prestigious awards
instituted by the Swedish inventor of dynamite. It was first awarded in
1901 and is the only one of the six prizes to be awarded in Oslo. 
	The Peace Prize was the third to be announced in the 1991 series. The
Literature Prize went to South African authoress Nadine Gordimer and the
Medicine Prize to German physiologists Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann.
	The Physics and Chemistry Prizes will be announced on Oct. 16. 
	The sixth prize, in economics was set up by the Swedish National Bank
in 1968 as the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. The winner of this
award will be made known Oct. 15. 
	It is unclear why Nobel, who created the prizes in his 1895 will,
chose Norway as the appointer and venue for the Nobel Peace Prize,
although Norway was in union with Sweden at the time of Nobel's death. 

   From: [email protected]
   Newsgroups: clari.news.gov.international,clari.news.economy,
	clari.news.europe,clari.news.gov.usa,clari.biz.economy
   Subject: American takes Nobel economics prize
   Date: 15 Oct 91 15:20:29 GMT
 
 
	STOCKHOLM, Sweden (UPI) -- American economist Ronald Coase, a
professor at the University of Chicago, won the Nobel Memorial Prize in
Economic Science Tuesday for breakthrough contributions to "our
understanding of the way the economy functions."
	The Swedish National Bank, which awarded the prize, said Coase showed
that traditional basic microeconomic theory was incomplete because it
only included production and transport costs, neglecting the costs of
entering into and executing contracts, and of managing organizations.
	"Such costs are commonly known as transaction costs and they account
for a considerable share of the total use of resources in the economy,"
the bank said.
	The citation added that when transaction costs are taken into
account, "it turns out that the existance of firms, different corporate
forms, variations in contract arrangements, the structure of the
financial system and even fundamental features of the legal system can
be given relatively simple explanations."
	In its citation, the bank said, "Until recently, basic economic
analysis concentrated on studying the functioning of the economy in the
framework of an institutional structure which was taken as given."
	But the bank said by means of a radical extension of economic micro
theory, Coase, 81, had "succeeded in specifying principles for
explaining the institutional structure of the economy, thereby also
making new contributions to our understanding of the way the economy
functions."
	"When (Coase's) breakthrough finally occurred during the 1970s and
1980s, it was all the more emphatic," the citation said. "Today
Coase's theories are among the most dynamic forces behind research in
economic science and jurisprudence."
	Coase, born in Willesden, Britain, in 1910, conducts research as an
economics professor at the University of Chicago Law School. A spokesman
for the university said Coase was at an unspecified location in France
and could not immediately be reached comment.
	Law school colleague Douglas Baird said Coase, whose ideas were 
"really startling" when first advanced, was the reason he wanted to
teach at the University of Chicago.
	"He's a very modest, unassuming man. He's probably the only one who
was surprised (by the honor)," Baird said. "And he writes wonderfully
clear prose. He's a wonderful writer in addition to everything else. He
doesn't hide things in formulas."
	The economy prize carries with it $900,000, a gold medal and a
diploma to be presented to Coase at a ceremony in Stockholm on Dec. 10,
the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.
	The economics prize is the only one of the six Nobel prizes not to
have been instituted by Nobel, the Swedish inventor of dynamite who
instigated the prize series in his 1895 will.
	Instead, it was set up by the Swedish National Bank in 1968 as the
Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science. Moves to add other Nobel
prizes and memorial prizes -- among others in environmental protection --
have been rejected.
	Tuesday's award was the fourth in the 1991 series, following the
award Monday of the peace prize to Burmese dissident Aung San Suu Kyi.
The literature prize went to South African author Nadine Gordimer and
the medicine prize to German physiologists Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann.
	The physics and chemistry prizes will be announced Wednesday.
	In its citation Tuesday, the Swedish National Bank said Coase
demonstrated analysis may be enhanced if it is carried out in terms of
rights to use goods and factors of production, instead of the goods and
factors themselves.
	"These rights, which came to be called property rights in economic
analysis, may be comprised of full ownership, different kinds of
usership rights or specific and limited decision and disposal rights,"
the citation said.
	Coase showed every given distribution of property rights among
individuals tends to be reallocated through contracts, if it is to the
mutual advantage of the parties and not prevented by transaction costs.
	He also showed "institutional arrangements other than contracts
emerge if they employ lower transaction costs," the bank said.
	"In perhaps somewhat pretentious terminology, Coase may be said to
have identified a new set of elementary particles in the economic
system," the bank said.

   From: [email protected]
   Newsgroups: clari.news.gov.international,clari.tw.science,clari.news.europe,
	clari.news.bulletin
   Subject: French professor takes Nobel physics prize
   Date: 16 Oct 91 12:39:02 GMT
 
 
	STOCKHOLM, Sweden (UPI) -- French professor Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
won the 1991 Nobel Prize in Physics Wednesday for work including
research on liquid crystals used in digital wristwatches, pocket
calculators and television screens.
	"By some judges, he has been called the Isaac Newton of our time,"
said the Swedish Academy of Sciences in awarding the prize to de Gennes,
a professor at the College de France in Paris.
	De Gennes was born in Paris in 1932 and was appointed professor of
Solid State Physics at the University of Paris, Orsay, in 1961. Since
1971 he has been a professor at the College de France.
	The academy said during the 1960s he began studying liquid crystals,
which have been known for more than a century and studied as early as
the 1920s. In the 1960s, liquid crystals began being used commercially
in pocket calculators and wristwatches. Now they are also used in flat
television screens.
	In the late 1960s, de Gennes formed the Liquid Crystal Group in
Orsay, consisting of both theorists and experimental researchers.
	"De Gennes made his chief contributions to our knowledge of liquid
crystals when he explained what is termed anomalous light scattering
from nematic liquid crystals," the academy said.
	The nematic phase is one of the ordered phases of liquid crystals in
which the molecules move as if in an ordinary three-dimensional liquid
but with their axes pointing in the same way.
	Citing "The Physics of Liquid Crystals," published by de Gennes in
1974, the Swedish Academy of Sciences said the tome had become a 
"standard work."
	The physics prize carries with it $900,000, a gold medal and a
diploma to be presented to de Gennes at a ceremony in Stockholm on Dec.
10.
	Wednesday's award was the fifth and penultimate in the 1991 series,
following the award Tuesday of the Economics Prize to Ronald Coase. The
peace prize was awarded to Burmese dissident Aung San Suu Kyi. The
literature prize went to South African author Nadine Gordimer and the
medicine prize to German physiologists Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann.
	Apart from the economics prize, the Nobel prizes were instituted by
Alfred Nobel, the Swedish inventor of dynamite, in his 1895 will.
	The economics prize was set up by the Swedish National Bank in 1968
as the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science. Moves to add other
Nobel prizes and memorial prizes -- among them in environmental
protection -- have been rejected.
	The academy said in its citation it had chosen de Gennes for his
discoveries involving how "methods developed for studying order
phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of
matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers."
	It said he has shown "that phase transitions in such apparently
widely differing physical systems as magnets, superconductors, liquid
crystals and polymer solutions can be described in mathematical terms of
surprisingly broad generality."
	The academy also said de Gennes had described mathematically how, for
example, magnetic dipoles, long molecules or molecule chains can form
ordered states under certain conditions and what happens when they pass
from an ordered to a disordered state.
	"The transition from disorder to order always occurs at a well-
defined temperature and can sometimes also take place in jumps. There is
a phase transition at a critical temperature, which in the case of
ferro-magnets is termed the Curie temperature," the academy said.
	It added de Gennes began by working on magnetic phase transitions.
	"Somewhat later, de Gennes began to be interested in the
conformation and dynamics of polymers -- which are formed out of very
long chains of monomers or simpler links," it said.
	A polymer is a naturally occurrring or synthetic compound that has
large molecules made up of many relatively simple repeated units.
	"De Gennes' important discovery was that there were far more
similarities than had hitherto been suspected between the 'order in
disorder' in the arrangement of polymers and the conditions that apply
when a system of magnetic moments moves from order to disorder," the
Academy of Sciences said.

    From: [email protected] (JULIAN M. ISHERWOOD)
    Newsgroups: clari.news.interest.people,clari.news.lifestyle,
	clari.news.books,clari.news.europe
    Subject: Nobel Literature Prize to be awarded Thursday
    Date: Thu, 8 Oct 92 0:54:26 PDT
 
	COPENHAGEN, Denmark (UPI) -- The Swedish Academy was Thursday to award
the Nobel Literature prize for 1992, with Irish, Portuguese, Canadian,
Baltic and Belgian authors considered front-runners to win the honor.
	But no author appeared a sure bet to receive the award -- granted by
the all-Swedish, lifelong appointees of the 18-member academy.
	"You'll all know tomorrow," an Academy source said Wednesday of the
likely winner. "It will probably be a surprise."
	Last year, South African author Nadine Gordimer won the prize.
	This year, observers said those favored to win this year's $1.2-
million award included Irish poet Seamus Heaney, Trinidad novelist V.S.
Naipaul, Flemish-Belgian poet Hugo Claus, Portuguese author Jose
Saramago and Canadian Robertson Davies.
	Other hot prospects included Latvian novelist Vizma Belsevica and
Estonian author Jaan Kross. Swedish publishing houses and academia have
recently embarked on a broad support program for Baltic authors, after
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania won independence from the Soviet Union
after 40 years.
	Observers also considered Danish writer Villy Sorenson a dark-horse
candidate for the 1992 Nobel. However, no Scandinavians have won the
prestigious award since 1974.
	The Swedish Academy will announce a total of six Nobel Prize winners
in the coming days, granting awards in literature, peace, medicine,
physics, chemistry and economics.
	Each honor includes a $1.2 million cash award, a diploma and a medal.
	The academy plans to formally award the prizes in Dec. 10 royal
ceremonies in Oslo and Stockholm. Alfred Nobel -- who invented dynamite,
then used his earnings from the discovery to establish the prizes -- died
on Dec. 10, 1896.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    From: [email protected] (UPI)
    Newsgroups: clari.news.interest,clari.news.europe,clari.news.books,
	clari.news.bulletin
    Subject: <Nobel-literature> STOCKHOLM, Sweden (UPI) -- Derek Walcott of
    Date: Thu, 8 Oct 92 5:09:45 PDT
 
	STOCKHOLM, Sweden (UPI) -- Derek Walcott of Caribbean island nation
St. Lucia won the Nobel Prize for Literature on Thursday.

    From: [email protected] (UPI)
    Newsgroups: clari.news.interest,clari.news.europe,clari.news.books
    Subject: Nobel literature prizes
    Date: Thu, 8 Oct 92 9:07:01 EDT
 
    STOCKHOLM, Sweden (UPI) - The following is a list of recipients of the
    Nobel prize in literature since it was first awarded in 1901.

	1992 Derek Walcott, St. Lucia
	1991 Nadine Gordimer, South Africa
	1990 Octavio Paz, Mexico
	1989 Camilo Jose Cela, Spain
	1988 Naguib Mahfouz, Egypt
	1987 Joseph Brodsky, Soviet Union/United States
	1986 Wole Soyinka, Nigeria
	1985 Claude Simon, France
	1984 Jaroslav Siefert, Czechoslovakia
	1983 William Golding, United Kingdom
	1982 Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Colombia/Mexico
	1981 Elias Canetti, Bulgaria/United Kingdom
	1980 Czeslaw Milosz, Czechoslovakia
	1979 Odysseus Elytis, Greece
	1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer, United States
	1977 Vicente Aleixandre, Spain
	1976 Saul Bellow, United States
	1975 Eugenio Montale, Italy
	1974 Eyvind Johnson, Sweden, and Harry Edmund Martinson, Sweden
	1973 Patrick White, Australia 1972 Heinrich Boll, Germany
	1971 Pablo Neruda, Chile
	1970 Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, Soviet Union
	1969 Samuel Beckett, Ireland
	1968 Yasunari Kawabata, Japan
	1967 Miguel Angel Asturias, Guatemala
	1966 Samuel Joseph Agnon, Israel, and Nelly Sachs, Sweden
	1965 Mikhail Sholokhov, Soviet Union
	1964 Jean Paul Sartre, France (Prize declined)
	1963 Giorgos Seferis, Greece
	1962 John Steinbeck, United States
	1961 Ivo Andric, Yugoslavia
	1960 Saint-John Perse, France
	1959 Salvatore Quasimodo, Italy
	1958 Boris L. Pasternak, Soviet Union (Prize declined)
	1957 Albert Camus, France
	1956 Juan Ramoz Jimenez, Spain
	1955 Halldor K. Laxness, Iceland
	1954 Ernest Hemingway, United States
	1953 Sir Winston Churchill, United Kingdom
	1952 Francois Mauriac, France
	1951 Par F. Lagerkvist, Sweden
	1950 Bertrand Russel, United Kingdom
	1949 William Faulkner, United States
	1948 T.S. Eliot, United Kingdom
	1947 Andre Gide, France
	1946 Hermann Hesse, Switzerland
	1945 Gabriela Mistral, Chile
	1944 Johannes V. Jensen, Denmark
	1939 Frans E. Sillanpaa, Finland
	1938 Pearl S. Buck, United States
	1937 Roger Martin du Gard, France
	1936 Eugene O'Neill, United States
	1935 Not awarded
	1934 Luigi Pirandello, Italy
	1933 Ivan A. Bunin, France
	1932 John Galsworthy, United Kingdom
	1931 Erik A. Karlfeldt, Sweden
	1930 Sinclair Lewis, United States
	1929 Thomas Mann, Germany
	1928 Sigrid Undset, Norway
	1927 Henri Bergson, France
	1926 Grazia Deledda, Italy
	1925 George Bernard Shaw, United Kingdom
	1924 Wladyslaw S. Reymont, Poland
	1923 William Butler Yeats, Ireland
	1922 Jacinto Benavente, Spain
	1921 Anatole France, France
	1920 Knut Hamsun, Norway
	1919 Carl F.G. Spitteler, Switzerland
	1918 Not awarded
	1917 Karl A. Gjellerup, Denmark and Henrik Pontoppidan, Denmark
	1916 Verner von Heidenstam, Sweden
	1915 Romain Rolland, France
	1913 Rabindranath Tagore, India
	1912 Gerhart Hauptmann, Germany
	1911 Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgium
	1910 Paul J.L. Heyse, Germany
	1909 Selma Lagerlof, Sweden
	1908 Rudolf C. Eucken, Germany
	1907 Rudyard Kipling, United Kingdom
	1906 Giosue Carducci, Italy
	1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz, Poland
	1904 Frederic Mistral, France, and Jose Echegaray, Spain
	1903 Bjornstjerne Bjornson, Norway
	1902 Theodor Mommsen, Germany
	1901 Rene F.A. Sully Prudhomme, France

    From: [email protected] (UPI)
    Newsgroups: clari.biz.economy,clari.tw.education,clari.news.europe,
	clari.biz.top,biz.clarinet.sample
    Subject: American wins Nobel Economics Prize
    Date: Tue, 13 Oct 92 5:12:32 PDT
 
	STOCKHOLM, Sweden (UPI) -- Gary S. Becker of the United States was
awarded the Nobel Economics Prize Tuesday for having extended the domain
of micro-economic analysis to a wide range of human behavior and
interaction including non-market behavior.
	Becker, 62, born in Pottsville, Pa., is a professor at the Department
of Economics and Sociology at the University of Chicago.
	"Gary Becker's research program is founded on the idea that the
behavior of an individual adheres to the same fundamental principles in
a number of different areas," the Swedish Academy of Sciences said in
its citation.
	The explanatory model which Becker works with is based on what he has
called "the economic approach." The model is characterised by the fact
that individual agents - households, firms or other organizations - are
assumed to behave rationally.

...
	The Academy said that Becker's methods were not only applicable to
economics.
	"A not insignificant influence can also be determined in social
sciences. Various aspects of demography constitute one example,
particularly in regard to fertility, parents effforts to ensure their
children's education and development as well as inheritance," the
Academy said.
	Other areas Becker's model could be used in were on discrimination in
the labor market as well as crime and punishment.
	"More frequently than in the past, sociologists and political
scientists work with models based on theories of rational choice," the
Academy said.
	In awarding the $1.2 million 1992 laurels to Becker, the Academy
cited in particular his general theory for the behavior of the family.
This includes not only the distribution of work and the allocation of
time in the family, but also decisions regarding marriage, divorce and
children.

...
	The Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences is the only one
of the six Nobel prizes which was not instigated in the 1896 will of
Alfred Nobel, the Swedish inventor of dynamite. It was set up in 1968 by
the Swedish Central Bank.
	Tuesday's award was the third of the 1992 Nobel series, following the
Literature Prize which was awarded Oct. 8 to St. Lucian poet Derek
Walcott, and the Medicine Prize awarded Oct. 12 to U.S. biochemists
Edwin Krebs and Edmond Fischer.
	Other prizes in the six-prize series are the Peace Prize, to be
awarded in Oslo, Norway Oct. 16 and the Physics and Chemistry prizes
which will be announced Oct. 14 in Stockholm.
	All this year's prizes carry with them a cash sum of dlrs 1.2 millon,
dlrs 300,000 more than last year, a gold medal and a diploma.
	The awards themselves will be made in Oslo and Stockholm Dec. 10, the
anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel.

    From: [email protected] (UPI)
    Newsgroups: clari.tw.education,clari.tw.misc,clari.news.europe,
	clari.biz.urgent,biz.clarinet.sample
    Subject: Polish-born French scientist wins Nobel Prize for Physics
    Date: 14 Oct 92 12:33:30 GMT
 
 
	STOCKHOLM, Sweden (UPI) -- Georges Charpak, a Polish-born French
citizen, won the 1992 Nobel Prize in Physics Wednesday for the invention
and development of particle detectors.
	Charpak, who will receive $1.2 million as part of the award, is a
professor at the Ecole Superieure de Physique et Chemie in Paris. He is
also affiliated with the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) in
Geneva, Switzerland.
	In its citation Wenesday, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said
Charpak's work had enabled scientists to study unusual interactions
between particles of matter.

...
	Currently, practically every experiment in particle physics -- which
studies the properties of the smallest particles of matter, as well as
the forces that act on them -- uses some type of detector derived from
Charpak's invention.

...
	The academy said its 1976 and 1984 Nobel Physics laureates had both
used Charpak's invention in their award-winning discoveries of the
universe's smallest particles -- the charmed quark and intermediate
bosons.
	Nobel officials also said medical science currently uses Charpak's
device to detect X-rays.

...

    From: [email protected] (UPI)
    Newsgroups: clari.biz.economy,clari.tw.misc,clari.news.europe,
        clari.tw.education,clari.biz.urgent,biz.clarinet.sample
    Subject: Rudolph Marcus win Chemistry Nobel
    Date: 14 Oct 92 16:03:54 GMT
 
 
	STOCKHOLM, Sweden (UPI) -- The Swedish Academy of Sciences Wednesday
awarded the 1992 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to U.S. professor Rudolph A.
Marcus at the California Institute of Technology.
    
...
    	Marcus' discovery was in the calculation of the energy change
required in each molecule for the process to take place.
	``Marcus found a simple mathematical formula for calculating the
change and was thus also able to calculate the size of the energy
barrier,'' the Academy said.
	The energy barrier constitutes an energy wall over which electrons
must ``jump.'' In order to do so their energy must be increased.
	Marcus received his bachelor's degree in 1943 and his doctorate at
McGill University, Montreal. In 1951 he became professor at the
Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, New York and in 1964 Professor of
Physical Chemistry at the University of Illinois.
	In 1978 he received the Arthur Amos Noyes Chair of Chemistry at the
California Institute of Technology.

    From: [email protected] (TROND HANSEN)
    Newsgroups: clari.news.group,clari.news.interest,clari.news.europe,
	clari.news.issues.conflict,clari.news.urgent
    Subject: Guatemalan activist wins 1992 Nobel Peace Prize
    Date: Fri, 16 Oct 92 8:07:08 PDT
 
	OSLO, Norway (UPI) -- Guatemalan Rigoberta Menchu, a leading
spokeswoman for Latin America's Indian population, and whose father,
mother and brother all died at the hands of the military, was awarded
the 1992 Nobel Peace Prize Friday.
	Menchu, 33, won the prize "in recognition of her work for social
justice and ethno-cultural reconcililation based on the respect for the
rights of indigenous peoples," chairman of the Norwegian Nobel
committee Francis Sejersted said in announcing the award.

	When the announcement was made, Menchu was in the town of
Quezaltenango, in the northwestern part of Guatemala, where she had
traveled to meet with peasant groups.
	Interviewed by the Mexican television network Televisa, Menchu said
she would donate the $1.2 million prize money to a group of widows who
lost their husbands in Guatemala's 31-year guerrilla war.

...
	Since fleeing Guatemala's right-wing terror in 1981, Menchu has
spoken at hundreds of international forums, traveling the world in
brightly woven "huipil" blouses characteristic of the Guatemala
highlands.
	She has also been a member of the U.N. High Commission on Refugees
since 1983, and has won numerous international prizes and awards for her
human-rights work.
	Her story, "I, Rigoberta Menchu," recorded by author Elisabeth
Burgos-Debray, has been translated into 10 languages.
	Menchu -- who later taught herself to write after a childhood of
illiteracy -- has also narrated a film, "When the Mountains Tremble,"
about the Mayan Indians' stuggles.
	Further, Menchu has worked for a negotiated peace settlement in
Guatemala since 1987 through participation in the National
Reconciliation Commission.

...

    Hi - new noter here. Can also be found in Euroforum & World Cricket(for
    those of you who don't know,cricket is a British tribal ritual exported
    to many of its former colonies where it has struck fairly strong
    roots).
    
    Anyway, this is the time of year when the Nobel speculation starts.
    While it is impossible to guess for the Natural Sciences,it is fun to
    speculate on the ones for Literature & Peace.
    
    My vote for this year:de Klerk & Mandela for Peace
    
    			  John Updike,the American novelist for Literature
    
    
    Your preferences/prejudices please.....
    
    Also Nobel related stories would be fun to read. One that I have been
    told often,but have never been able to verify is the reason why there
    is no Nobel Prize for Mathematics: the 19th century mathematician
    Hilbert and Alfred Nobel's wife were lovers, & Nobel did not want him to
    get a prize named after him!
    
    Cheers,
    
    Venky
    		 

    From: [email protected] (UPI)
    Newsgroups: clari.news.gov.international,clari.news.europe,
	clari.news.interest.people,clari.news.books
    Subject: Toni Morrison wins Nobel Prize for Literature
    Date: Thu, 7 Oct 93 9:44:25 PDT
 
	STOCKHOLM (UPI) -- Toni Morrison, an American novelist whose richly
expressive books about black family life have already earned her a
Pulitzer Prize, Thursday was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize for
Literature.
	The Nobel Committee of the Swedish Academy said the prize was awarded
to Morrison, "who, in novels characterized by visionary force and
poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality."
	Among the best known of Morrison's novels are "Tar Baby," "Song of
Solomon" and "Beloved," an account of the lives of emancipated blacks
in post-Civil War Ohio and Kentucky, which won the 1988 Pulitzer Prize
for fiction.
	Morrison, 62, was notified of the award at her home in Princeton, New
Jersey, where she is on the faculty at Princeton University.
	"I am unendurably happy. I heard the news early this morning from a
colleague at Princeton and I am, of course, profoundly honored,"
Morrison said.
	"The most meaningful thing to me personally is that at last the
prize has been awarded to an African-American. I thank God my mother is
alive to see this day."
	The prize, announced in Stockholm, carries with it an honorarium of
nearly $1 million.
	Morrison, who is the eighth woman to win the award, has been hailed
as a writer of universally appealing stories of black family life. Her
six novels have been translated into 14 languages.
	Born Chloe Anthony Wofford on Feb. 18, 1931, in the Ohio steel town
of Lorain, west of Cleveland, Morrison grew up in a black working family
and was said to have displayed an early interest in literature.
	She graduated from Howard University in Washington, D.C., in 1953 and
received a master's degree in English from Cornell University in 1955.
	She taught English and the humanities at Texas Southern University in
Houston for two years, moving in 1957 to Howard Univerity, where she
remained until 1964.
	Since then she has held various teaching posts at Yale University,
Bard College and Rutgers University. She also has worked as an editor
for Random House and as a critic and has lectured widely on African-
American literature.
	Morrison made her debut as a novelist in 1970 with "The Bluest Eye,"
soon gaining the attention of both critics and a wider audience for 
"her epic power, unerring ear for dialogue and her poetically charged
and richly expressive depictions of black America," according to the
Nobel Committee.
	Her third book, "Song of Solomon," was the first novel by a black
author to be chosen as a main selection of the Book of the Month Club
since Richard Wright's "Native Son" earned that distinction in 1940.
	And when "Tar Baby" put her on the cover of Newsweek magazine in
1981, Morrison said, "The day you put a middle-aged, gray-haired
colored lady on the magazine...the revolution is over."
	In 1989, she was appointed Robert F. Goheen Professor in the Council
of he Humanities at Princeton University. She teaches creative writing
at the Ivy League school.
	Morrison has said she does not mind being described as a black writer
or black woman writer.
	"I really think the range of emotions and perceptions I have had
access to as a black person and as a female person are greater than
those of people who are neither," she said. "So it seems to me that my
world did not shrink because I was a 'black female' writer. It just got
bigger."
	Morrison has also authored two books of essays, including "Race-ing
Justice, En-Gendering Power," about Supreme Court Justice Clarence
Thomas and Anita Hill, the law professor who accused Thomas of sexually
harassing her.
	In another book of essays, "Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the
Literary Imagination," Morrison said, "My work requires me to think
about how free I can be as an African-American woman writer in my
genderized, sexualized, wholly racialized world...My project rises from
delight, not disappointment."
	Her other works include reference books on black women writers,
African-American writing and other topics, as well as one unpublished
play, "Dreaming Emmet," performed in 1986.
	The Nobel Committee said, "As the motivation for the award implies,
Toni Morrison is a literary artist of the first rank. She delves into
the language itself, a language she wants to liberate from the fetters
of race, and she addresses us with the lure of poetry."
	Morrison currently serves as co-chair of the Schomburg Commission for
the Preservation of Black Culture and is a member of the Africa Watch
and Helsinki Watch Committees of Human Rights Watch.

   From: [email protected] (UPI)
   Newsgroups: clari.tw.science,clari.biz.misc,clari.news.europe,clari.tw.misc,
	clari.local.massachusetts,clari.biz.urgent
   Subject: Biochemists split Nobel Prize for Medicine
   Date: Mon, 11 Oct 93 6:50:48 PDT
 
	STOCKHOLM, Sweden (UPI) -- Researchers Richard J. Roberts of England
and Phillip A. Sharp of the United States Monday were awarded the Nobel
Prize for Medicine for their 1977 discovery of split genes that led to
broader understanding of evolution.
	The Nobel Committee of the Swedish Academy credited their
breakthrough with radically changing the understanding of how genes
transform during the development of higher organisms, including man.
	Their work also led to the prediction of a new genetic process,
namely gene splicing, which fundamentally shaped the course of modern
biology and research into cancer and diseases passed on by heredity.
	Both winners live in the Boston area. Roberts, 50, a native of Darby,
England, currently conducts research at New England Biolab in Beverly,
Mass. Sharp, 49, born in Falmouth, Ky., heads the Biology Department at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
	Roberts said he was "at first annoyed the phone was ringing so early
(6:30 a.m. EDT), but when I realized why, it was OK. It was every
scientist's dream come true."
	Sharp, reached by telephone, said, "This is just a very nice day, a
nice day to share with people."
	Knowlege of how genes govern the basic activities of life has
increased dramatically over the past four decades due to progress in
molecular biology. Many of the most important discoveries within this
area previously have been awarded the Nobel Prize.
	Examples are the 1962 discovery of the structure of the nucleic acid
DNA, the chemical substance of heredity; the 1959 discovery of how the
synthesis of nucleic acids takes place; the 1965 discovery of how gene
activity is regulated; and the 1968 breakthrough of what the genetic
code looks like.
	Prior to the research of Roberts and Sharp in the 1970s, a gene was
thought to be a continuous segment within the very long double-stranded
DNA molecules.
	That all changed in 1977 when the two researchers -- Sharp at MIT and
Roberts at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, N.Y. --
independently discovered that genes could be discontinuous, that is, a
given gene could be present in the genetic material DNA as several,
well-separated segments.
	Both Roberts and Sharp used as their experimental model system a
common cold-causing virus called adenovirus, whose genes display
important similarities to those in higher organisms.
	Shortly thereafter it was shown by several other researchers that
split genes are not only frequent but form the most common gene
structure in higher organisms.
	The knowlege radically changed perceptions of how genetic material
develops and changes during evolution. It had long been considered
likely that evolution takes place as the result of mutations, the
accumulation of minor alterations in the genetic material, resulting in
extremely gradual change.
	As a consequence of the work of Roberts and Sharp, however, it became
apparent that in addition to undergoing mutations, higher organisms may
utilize another mechanism to speed up their adaptation: rearrangement or
shuffling of gene segments to new functional units, primarily through
crossing-over during the pairing of chromosomes.
	Scientists estimate that now fewer than 5,000 diseases are caused by
heredity, some of them due to errors in the splicing process.
	Roberts is married and has four children -- two sons and two daughters
-- ranging in age from 26 to 4.
	Sharp heads the MIT Biology Department, known for pioneering work on
genetic information and genetic splicing. He teaches courses on animal
virology and cell biology, and has written more than 240 articles in
scientific journals and books. He and his wife, Ann, have three
daughters. They live in Newton, Mass.
	Last week, American novelist Toni Morrison was awarded the Nobel
Prize for Literature for her books about black family life. The Nobel
prizes for economics and physics/chemistry will be awarded later this
week in Stockholm and the Nobel Peace Prize winner will be announced in
Oslo on Thursday.

   From: [email protected] (UPI)
   Newsgroups: clari.news.group,clari.news.europe,clari.tw.science,
	clari.news.issues,clari.tw.education
   Subject: Princeton binary pulsar discoverers share Nobel Prize for Physics
   Date: Wed, 13 Oct 93 12:02:20 PDT
 
	STOCKHOLM (UPI) -- Princeton University's Russell A. Hulse and Joseph
H. Taylor Jr. Wednesday were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for
their discovery of the binary pulsar that forged new frontiers in the
study of gravity.
	Their 1974 discovery supported Albert Einstein's theories of gravity
and relativity.
	"It certainly is a great honor and a very humbling one," Taylor
said after learning of the award. "It's overwhelming. I hardly know
whether I'm coming or going.
	"I think one never really expects such a thing to happen. I'm left
close to speechless, I guess," Taylor said.
	Hulse said he was stunned when he learned of the award from a radio
report. "It was rather interesting; I was half awake listening to the
radio and heard about the prize. It sounded rather impossible to believe
what I heard at the time."
	Pulsars are very small stars that rotate rapidly, emitting regular
pulses of polarized radiaion. They were first discovered from the
radioastronomy lab at Cambridge, England, in 1967 by Antony Hewish, who
won the 1974 Nobel Prize.
	In 1974, Hulse and Taylor, using the 984-foot (300-meter)
radiotelescope at Arecibo in Puerto Rico, discovered a new type of
pulsar, the binary pulsar, the first of which became known as PSR
1913+16.
	At the time, Taylor was a professor at the University of
Massachusetts at Amherst, and Hulse was his student.
	From the behavior of PSR 1913+16's beacon signal, they determined
that the radiation-emitting star was accompanied by an approximately
equally heavy "companion" body located at a distance equal to the
space between the Earth and the moon.
	The behavior of the paired astronomical system could not be
calculated according to classic Newtonian physics. On the contrary, the
binary pulsar became a revolutionary "space laboratory" used to test
Einstein's general theory of relativity and alternative theories of
gravity.
	"So far, Einstein's theory has passed the tests with flying colors,"
said a statement issued by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which
awarded the prize to Hulse and Taylor.
	"Of particular interest has been the possibility of verifying with
great precision the (Einstein) theory's prediction that the system
should lose energy by emitting gravitational waves in about the same way
that a system of moving electrical charges emits electromagnetic waves."
	Hulse, 42, is a native of New York who received a doctorate in
physics in 1975, one year after the important discovery, at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Taylor, 52, is a native of
Philadelphia who earned a doctorate in astronomy from Harvard University
in 1968.
	Hulse today is a research physicist at Princeton's Plasma Physics Lab
while Taylor is a professor in Princeton's Department of Physics. The
two will share $840,000 in prize money that goes along with the honor of
the Nobel Prize.
	Both are members of the American Astronomical Society and the
American Physical Society. Taylor also is a member of the National
Academy of Sciences and the International Union of Radio Science.
	Also Wednesday, the Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded to an
American and a Canadian in recognition of their separate breakthroughs
in the study of genetics.
	Kary B. Mullis of La Jolla, Calif., and Michael Smith, a professor of
biochemistry at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, were
honored for discoveries that made possible detailed study of the
building blocks of life, including understanding how diseases occur and
identifying people afflicted by diseases or genetic defects.
	Earlier this week, American professors Robert W. Fogel of the
University of Chicago and Douglas C. North of Washington University at
St. Louis were awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics for pioneering the
field of "new economic history."
	On Monday, biochemists Richard J. Roberts of England and American
Phillip A. Sharp were awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine for their
1977 discovery of split genes.
	Last week, American novelist Toni Morrison was awarded the Nobel
Prize for Literature for her books about black family life.
	The Nobel Peace Prize winner will be announced Friday in Oslo.

   From: [email protected] (UPI)
   Newsgroups: clari.news.group,clari.news.europe,clari.tw.science,
       clari.news.issues,clari.news.canada,clari.tw.education
   Subject: Gene researchers split Nobel Prize in Chemistry
   Date: Wed, 13 Oct 93 12:16:15 PDT
 
	STOCKHOLM (UPI) -- A Canadian and an American were jointly awarded the
Nobel Prize in Chemistry Wednesday for separate breakthroughs in the
study of genetics.
	Their discoveries made possible detailed study of the building blocks
of life, including understanding how diseases occur and identifying
people afflicted by diseases or genetic defects.
	Kary B. Mullis of La Jolla, Calif., and Michael Smith, a professor of
biochemistry at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, will
share the $840,000 prize.
	Mullis, 48, was cited by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for
his polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method that replicates by several
million times an individual DNA segment of complicated genetic material.
	PCR, or "gene amplification," is used throughout the world to
detect tiny amounts of genetic material in a patient's blood. Its
development paved the way for accurate diagnosis of diseases such as
AIDS and other conditions.
	It also has fostered development of improved prenatal tests for
inherited conditions such as Fragile X syndrome, a common cause of
mental retardation. PCR also allows scientists to make an unlimited
number of copies of genes.
	"The biomedical applications of the PCR method are already legion,"
the academy said. "It is very probable that PCR combined with DNA
sequencing is going to represent a revolutionary new instrument for
studies of the systematics of plant and animal species."
	Mullis said he had largely given up his work as a biotechnical
consultant for 30 businesses last year after he won the $450,000 Japan
Prize. He said he now hopes to become an author specializing in public
science issues.
	"Probably after this, they (his books) will probably sell," he
said.
	Mullis said he is working on his first book, which will detail the
development of PCR and subsequent legal battles.
	He said he spent part of the morning surfing and the rest fielding
congratulatory phone calls.
	"I'm happy and exhilarated it happened this year," Mullis said.
	Smith, 61, a native of Blackpool, England, and now a Canadian
citizen, was cited for a method he developed called oligonucleotide-
based site-directed mutagenesis, through which researchers are able to
alter DNA molecules.
	Smith, the director of the UBC Biotechnology Laboratory, said he was
listening to the morning news and thinking about writing congratulatory
letters to two of his friends who won the Nobel Prize in Medicine on
Tuesday when he heard a radio report about his own award.
	"I was just listening to the news thinking I've got to write letters
to my two friends today who won the Nobel Prize in Medicine -- Phil Sharp
and Rich Roberts -- and it was on the radio and that's how I found out
about it," Smith said.
	"Obviously the money is nice. I think the thing one feels is
overawed by the honor because there's an amazing number of really very
good scientists in the world today," he said.
	"There's a lot of people doing very good work and so to be picked
out as winning the award, you feel overawed because ultimately it comes
back to your colleagues saying we think you've done a marvelous job."
	In the early 1970s, Smith learned to synthesize oligonucleotides,
which are short, single-strand DNA fragments, through a chemical
process. He also studied how these sythetic fragments could bind a virus
to DNA.
	At the time Smith was a visiting professor at Cambridge, England, and
it was during a coffee-break discussion that he hit upon the idea of
getting a reprogrammed synthetic oligonucleotide to bind to a DNA
molecule and then having it replicate in a suitable host organism.
	The process theoretically would produce a mutation, which in turn
would be able to produce a modified protein. By 1978, Smith and his
colleagues had put the theory into practice.
	Smith's method has created entirely new means of studying in detail
how proteins function, what determines their three-dimensional structure
and how they interact with other molecules inside the cell.
	"Site-directed mutagenesis has without a doubt revolutionized basic
research and entirely changed researchers' ways of performing their
experiments," the Swedish Academy said.
	Nobel Prizes for literature, medicine, economics, physics and
chemistry were awarded during the past week. The Nobel Peace Prize is to
be announced Friday in Oslo.

    Newsgroups: soc.culture.nordic
    From: [email protected] (Torkel Franzen)
    Subject: Re: Alfred Nobel
    Sender: [email protected]
    Organization: Swedish Institute of Computer Science, Kista
    Date: Sat, 16 Oct 1993 22:55:46 GMT
 
    In article <[email protected]> [email protected]
    (Lars Hagen ) writes:
 
   >Also, I'd like to verify that the following is only a rumor.  It's
   >been said that there is no Nobel Prize for Mathematics because a
   >mathematician ran off with Nobel's wife.
 
    This crops up on the net in various groups with great regularity. The
    following is taken from the sci.math FAQ.
 
   21Q.- Why is there no Nobel in mathematics? #
 
     Nobel prizes were created by the will of Alfred Nobel, a notable
     swedish chemist.
 
     One of the most common --and unfounded-- reasons as to why Nobel
     decided against a Nobel prize in math is that [a woman he proposed
     to/his wife/his mistress] [rejected him beacuse of/cheated him
     with] a famous mathematician. Gosta Mittag-Leffler is often claimed
     to be the guilty party.
     
     There is no historical evidence to support the story.
 
     For one, Mr. Nobel was never married.
 
     There are more credible reasons as to why there is no Nobel prize
     in math. Chiefly among them is simply the fact he didn't care much
     for mathematics, and that it was not considered a practical 
     science from which humanity could benefit (a chief purpose
     for creating the Nobel Foundation).
 
 
     Here are some relevant facts:
 
     1. Nobel never married, hence no ``wife". (He did have a mistress,
     a Viennese woman named Sophie Hess.)
 
     2. Gosta Mittag-Leffler was an important mathematician in Sweden
     in the late 19th-early 20th century.  He was the founder of the
     journal Acta Mathematica, played an important role in helping the
     career of Sonya Kovalevskaya, and was eventually head of the
     Stockholm Hogskola, the precursor to Stockholms Universitet.
     However, it seems highly unlikely that he would have been a
     leading candidate for an early Nobel Prize in mathematics, had 
     there been one -- there were guys like Poincare and Hilbert around,
     after all.
 
     3.  There is no evidence that Mittag-Leffler had much contact with
     Alfred Nobel (who resided in Paris during the latter part of his
     life), still less that there was animosity between them for whatever
     reason.  To the contrary, towards the end of Nobel's life 
     Mittag-Leffler was engaged in ``diplomatic" negotiations to try to
     persuade Nobel to designate a substantial part of his fortune to the
     Hogskola. It seems hardly likely that he would have undertaken this
     if there was prior bad blood between them.  Although initially Nobel
     seems to have intended to do this, eventually he came up with the
     Nobel Prize idea -- much to the disappointment of the Hogskola,
     not to mention Nobel's relatives and Fraulein Hess.
 
     According to the very interesting study by Elisabeth Crawford,
     ``The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution", Cambridge Univ. Press,
     1984, pages 52-53:
 
     ``Although it is not known how those in responsible positions
     at the Hogskola came to believe that a *large* bequest was
     forthcoming, this indeed was the expectation, and the
     disappointment was keen when it was announced early in 1897 that
     the Hogskola had been left out of Nobel's final will in 1895.
     Recriminations followed, with both Pettersson and Arrhenius 
     [academic rivals of Mittag-Leffler in the administration of the
     Hogskola] letting it be known that Nobel's dislike for 
     Mittag-Leffler had brought about what Pettersson termed the
     `Nobel Flop'.  This is only of interest because it may have
     contributed to the myth that Nobel had planned to institute a prize
     in mathematics but had refrained because of his antipathy to
     Mittag-Leffler or --in another version of the same story-- because
     of their rivalry for the affections of a woman...."
 
     4.  A final speculation concerning the psychological element.
     Would Nobel, sitting down to draw up his testament, presumably
     in a mood of great benevolence to mankind, have allowed a mere
     personal grudge to distort his idealistic plans for the monument
     he would leave behind?
     Nobel, an inventor and industrialist, did not create a prize in
     mathematics simply because he was not particularly interested
     in mathematics or theoretical science.  His will speaks of
     prizes for those ``inventions or discoveries" of greatest
     practical benefit to mankind.  (Probably as a result of this 
     language, the physics prize has been awarded for experimental work
     much more often than for advances in theory.)
 
     However, the story of some rivalry over a woman is obviously
     much more amusing, and that's why it will probably continue to
     be repeated.
 
   
     References:
 
     Mathematical Intelligencer, vol. 7 (3), 1985, p. 74.
 
     Elisabeth Crawford, ``The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution", 
     Cambridge Univ. Press, 1984.

            STOCKHOLM, Sweden (AP) -- Two Americans won the Nobel Prize in
    medicine Monday for shedding light on how cells communicate to
    speed the spread of killer diseases like cholera and diabetes
    throughout the body.
            Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell will split the $930,000
    prize for determining how a certain group of proteins can help
    transmit and modulate signals in cells, much like a biological
    switchboard.
            Their discoveries, products of two decades of work, have been
    ``paramount'' in helping scientists understand diseases that affect
    tens of millions of people around the globe, said Professor Bertil
    Fredholm of the Karolinska Institute's Nobel Assembly.
            While their research, carried out over two decades, has not
    netted treatments yet, the institute said it ultimately might.
            The medicine prize was the first of this year's six Nobel
    awards to be announced. Since 1901 when the first Nobel medicine prize 
    was awarded, 72 of 157 winners have been from the United States,
    reflecting an American dominance in basic research, especially
    after World War II.
            Rodbell, however, deplored what he called today's emphasis on
    specific goals at the expense of unfettered basic research.
            ``The world ain't the same,'' he said at a news conference in
    suburban Washington, where he was visiting family. ``Now everything
    is targeted, bottom line, how to make a buck.''
            Rodbell, 68, retired in May from the National Institute of
    Environmental Health Sciences in Research Triangle Park, N.C.,
    because, he said, his basic research budget kept shrinking and he
    saw there would not be enough money to complete the fiscal year. He
    now holds the title scientist emeritus.
            ``The attention of the Congress and the executive branch always
    has been toward the end goal,'' he said. ``They are not as willing
    to take a chance now on people like me in exploring the unknown.''
            Gilman, 53, is chairman of the department of pharmacology at
    The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas.
            ``I'm awestruck. I'm more excited than I've ever been,'' Gilman
    said after the prize was announced.
            He predicted more knowledge about the communication process
    inside cells ``will help considerably in designing better drugs and
    control malfunctions for treatment of specific diseases.''
            Although the scientists worked separately over the years,
    Fredholm said ``one handed the baton to the other,'' beginning with
    Rodbell's research in the late 1960s and continuing with Gilham's
    from 1975 to 1985.
            Rodbell and his team worked at the U.S. National Institutes of
    Health at the time, while Gilman was working at the University of
    Virginia at Charlottesville.
            The Nobel prizes are given to those whose work is thought to
    have benefited mankind most, in accordance with the will of Alfred
    Nobel, the Swedish industrialist who endowed the awards.
            Both Gilman and Rodbell said they planned to come to Stockholm
    to receive their gold medallions and prize money on Dec. 10, the
    day all Nobel prizes will be handed out.

            STOCKHOLM, Sweden (AP) -- An American, a German and a
    Hungarian-born professor won the Nobel [Memorial] prize in economics 
    Tuesday for their groundbreaking study of game theories that help explain
    economics, the Swedish Academy said in a statement.
            The winners are John C. Hasranyi, born in Budapest and now at
    the University of California at Berkeley; John F. Nash of
    Bluefield, W.Va., and now living in Princeton, N.J.; and Reinhard
    Selten, who was born in what was then Breslau, Germany, in 1930 and
    now teaches at the University of Bonn.
            They will share the $930,000 prize.
            The economists were formally honored for ``for their pioneering
    analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games,''
    the Royal Swedish Academy said.
            Their work used strategies applied in such common games as
    chess to make predictions about the interaction between companies and 
    how the market reacts, the statement said.

             OSLO, Norway (Reuter) - Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin
    and PLO chairman Yasser Arafat will share the 1994 Nobel Peace
    Prize, but the decision has caused a row within the committee
    that awards it, the Norwegian daily Aftenposten said Tuesday.
             The newspaper said one pro-Israeli member of the five-member
    Nobel committee would step down in protest when the prize is
    announced Friday because he was against making Arafat a Nobel
    laureate.
             Aftenposten said committee member Kaare Kristansen regarded
    Arafat as ``a former active terrorist and a political leader who
    has supported terrorist organizations.''
             The newspaper said the committee decided to award the
    prestigious prize to Rabin and Arafat for their contributions to
    the 1993 Israeli-PLO peace pact after a long and tough
    discussion at a meeting last Friday.
             There was no immediate comment from the secretive committee,
    which has been reported to be weighing splitting the $950,000
    award among Rabin, Arafat and Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon
    Peres.

            STOCKHOLM, Sweden (AP) -- An American and a Canadian won the
    Nobel Prize in physics today for developing a powerful tool to
    study matter in its tiniest detail, using beams of neutrons much
    the same way a microscope uses light.
            An American also won the Nobel prize in chemistry for
    revolutionizing the study of hydrocarbons, the ingredients of oil
    and natural gas, and uncovering new ways to use them.
            The $930,000 physics prize will be shared by Clifford G. Shull
    of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Bertram N.
    Brockhouse of McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario.
            Their research, begun in the 1940s and 1950s, has broad
    applications in many fields of science, from the development of
    superconductors to better computer memory. The research led to
    further advances by others who already have been honored with other
    Nobel awards.
            The sole winner of the $930,000 award for chemisty was George
    A. Olah, 67, of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles.
            In the early 1960s, he and his colleagues discovered that
    extremely strong acids, called superacids, could be used to modify
    hydrocarbons so they were easier to study.
            The discovery also led to a wide variety of new industrial
    processes, such as new ways to break down heavy oils and liquify
    coal.
            ``His work...has a prominent position in all modern
    textbooks,'' the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said in a statement
    announcing the award.
            Notably, his research has allowed improvements in combustion
    engines by raising the octane of fuel without adding to pollution,
    the academy said.
            ``Recognition is always a surprise. It is gratifying,'' Olah
    said from his Beverly Hills home today. ``There is nothing in our
    life that is not touched by hydrocarbons, from pharmaceuticals to
    gasoline.''
            Shull, 79, and Brockhouse, 76, devised instruments based on a
    technique they developed called neutron scattering, in which
    neutrons are bounced off liquids and solids to reveal their atomic
    structure.
            ``I'm astonished and surprised,'' Brockhouse said of the award.
    ``How on earth could they pick me?'' ``It's been very exciting
    news,'' Shull said from his home in Lexington, Mass.
            Shull worked at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee and
    Brockhouse at Canada's Chalk River Research reactor. Using the
    first nuclear reactors in their countries, Shull looked at the
    arrangement of the atoms and Brockhouse explored their motion.
            ``In simple terms, Clifford Shull has helped answer the
    question of where atoms `are' and Bertram Brockhouse the question of 
    what atoms `do','' the Swedish academy said.

            STOCKHOLM, Sweden (AP) -- Kenzaburo Oe, whose brain-damaged
    child became a primary symbol in his works showing the dark side of
    postwar Japan, won the Nobel prize in literature today.
            Oe, 59, invented a vivid, almost assaultive writing style, a
    far departure from traditional Japanese literary expression.
            Among his most important works was the 1967 novel ``The Silent
    Cry,'' which deals with people's relationship in a world where
    ``knowledge, passions, dreams, ambitions and attitudes merge into
    each other,'' the academy said.
            Kenzaburo Oe (pronounced Ken-za-boo-roh OH-eh) is the second
    Japanese writer to win the Nobel literature prize. In 1968, the
    academy honored Yasunari Kawabata.
            Oe said today that he was heavily influenced by authors like
    the playwright and novelist Kobo Abe and novelist Masuji Ibuse, both 
    of whom died last year.
            ``It was thanks to what these modern novelists have built up
    ...that I was able to win while I was still alive,'' he said.
            At first a leftwing critic of postwar Japan, Oe changed when
    his first son, Hikari, was born 31 years ago with brain damage.
            Oe's best-known novel, ``A Personal Matter,'' was published a
    year later, in 1964.
           Oe was cited by the Swedish Academy today for his ``poetic force
    (which) creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to
    form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today,'' said
    an announcement by the literature committee of the Swedish Academy.  

            OSLO, Norway (AP) -- A police union has threatened to boycott
    next month's Nobel Peace Prize ceremony as part of its labor
    conflict with the government, a newspaper reported Tuesday.
            Security around this year's winners -- Palestine Liberation
    Organization leader Yasser Arafat, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak
    Rabin and Foreign Minister Shimon Peres -- was to be among the
    tightest in the prize's history.
            ``I have received information that officers are working with a
    planned boycott action,'' said acting Oslo police chief Knut R.
    Mikkelsen. ``But we are now planning the security as usual and we
    assume that it will go well.''
            The Oslo newspaper Dagbladet said police are so frustrated with
    their pay and bargaining rights that many of those assigned to
    Nobel prize duty plan a wildcat action.
            Dagbladet reported that the Norwegian Nobel Committee was
    considering ways to revamp the entire Nobel schedule to make sure
    the three winners could be protected. Committee officials could not
    immediately be reached for comment.
            All three prize winners are considered potential targets for
    terrorists. Protection of Peres and Rabin has been complicated by
    the award falling on a Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath.
            Under Jewish law, Peres and Rabin may not travel by car. They
    reportedly planned to walk to their appointments in Oslo, creating
    a huge security challenge.
            Rabin, Peres and Arafat won the prize for their peacemaking
    efforts in the Middle East, including an agreement granting limited
    self-rule for Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and West Bank town of
    Jericho.
            The Nobel Prizes are awarded on Dec. 10 in Oslo.
            The Oslo newspaper reported that some police union members, in
    a bitter dispute with the Justice Ministry, said they planned to call
    in sick, demand time off to care for sick children, or show up for
    work but then insist on going to the doctor.
            ``Enough is enough,'' the newspaper quoted an unidentified
    union member as saying. ``We have to use harsher measure to make the
    authorities understand that we are serious. Therefore, we are going
    to take action by boycotting the award of the Nobel Peace Prize.''
            After a series of illegal labor actions this fall, the police
    won the right to strike beginning in 1996, but were denied their
    demand for a special arbitration board for law enforcement.
            The leader of the Oslo police union, Stein Hustad, warned
    members that such an illegal action could have serious
    consequences.
            ``The action would damage the police's reputation and would be
    damaging to the police's wage fight,'' he told the Norwegian news
    agency NTB.

            OSLO, Norway (AP) -- Theologian Gunnar Staalsett was named to
    the Nobel Peace Prize committee Tuesday, replacing a member who
    resigned in protest of PLO leader Yasser Arafat sharing this year's
    award.
            Kare Kristiansen, a former government minister, resigned from
    the five-member committee when the prize to Arafat, Israeli Prime
    Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Foreign Minister Shimon Peres was
    announced on Oct. 14.
            Kristiansen said he could not accept Arafat as a peace laureate
    because of the Palestine Liberation Organization's terrorist
    background.
            The three laureates were due to arrive in Oslo Friday to accept
    the 7-million-kronor ($931,000) peace prize at a ceremony the next
    day. They shared the prize for their Middle East peace efforts.
            Staalsett, 59, served on the peace committee from 1985 to 1990.
    He is rector of the University of Oslo's theological seminary and
    was secretary general of the Geneva-based Lutheran World Foundation
    for nearly a decade.
            Parliament appoints members along party lines, although the
    Nobel committee operates independently. Staalsett will serve out
    Kristiansen's term, which ends in 1996.