Conference tallis::celt

	Ceacht a hAon	-	Lesson One

	mo'r (moor) 	-	big, large
	beag (behg) 	-	small	  
	fuar (fuur)	-	cold	  
	o'g (ooge)	-	young	  
	aosta (aysta)	-	old           
	glan (glon)	- 	clean
	salach (soloch) -	dirty
	tinn (teen)	-	sick
	inniu' (inyuu)  -	today

    	
	Ta' me' (taw may)  	I am
	Ta' tu' (    too)  	you are
	Ta' si',se' (shee,shay) she/he is
	Ta'imid (tawmeed) 	We are
	Ta' sibh (  shev)	ye are
	Ta' siad (  sheed)	they are

        
Now translate the following:

	Ta' me' mo'r
	Ta' si' beag
	Ta' tu' tinn
	Ta' siad glan
	Ta' se' aosta
	Ta' tu' o'g
	Ta'imid salach
	Ta' sibh fuar

Some phrases:

	Dia dhuit (deea ghuit)  		-	Hello, Hi
	Go raibh maith agat (go rave mah agot)	-	Thank you
	Sla'n abhaile (slaan awolye)		- 	Safe home, goodnight
	Ta' fa'ilte romhat (taw fall_tye root) 	-	You're welcome

       MORE!!!
    
    Cary...
    

	An Dara Ceacht 		-	Second Lesson



In Irish there is no word corresponding to the English word 
``a''.  The Irish for ``a man'' is simply _fear_ (far).  The 
Irish word for ``the'', where not more than one of anything is in 
question is _an_ (on).  Thus _An fear_ translates ``the man''.

	The following should have been in Lesson 1.

	Me', I			Sinn/muid (shinn/myuid), we
	Tu', you		Sibh (sheev), you (plural)
	Se', he (or it) 	Siad (sheed), they

Some more words:

	Bean (ban)		-	a woman
	Buachaill (boo-kill)	-	a boy
	Caili'n (call-een)	-	a girl
	Pa'iste (paw-shh-teh)	-	a child
	Bo'thar (bow-hor)	-	a road
	Sli' (shlee)		-	a way
	Cosa'n (koo-sawn)	-	a path
	A'it (aw-teh)		-	a place.
	Fada (foda)		-	long
	Deas (dyeas)		-	nice
	Teach (tyeach)		-	house
	Agus (aw-gus)		-	and
	seo (sho)		-	this
	sin (shin)		-	that
	freisin(fre-shin)	-	also
    
And translate:

	Ta' an fear mo'r.
	Ta' an buachaill beag agus ta' an caili'n beag.
	Ta' an caili'n agus an buachaill mo'r.
	Ta' siad beag.
	Ta' an bo'thar seo fa'da.	
    	Ta' an bo'thar sin fada freisin.	
	Ta' an teach seo deas.	

    

    Can I assume, that with a good Kerry name like O'Sullivan,
    that the pronunciation of the words in the lessons is from
    the Munster dialect?
    
    Just wondering...The teacher of the Irish class I attend
    has a Connemara 'lilt'.
    
    Does anybody know to which dialect the Buntus Cainte series of
    tapes, put out by the Irish language board, adheres?
    Or are the accents a combination of the dialects (Munster,
    Ulster, and Connemara)?  [Similar to Nebraska English, which
    is supposedly the dialect of American English which has no
    audible accent?  Or better said, the most bland American English
    accent.]
    
    George

    
    
    George: Tell me more about the Irish class that you attend ....
    
    	    I.E. Cost, Location, Classes per week, etc. etc.
    	    (maybe with enough interest, we could get group rates)
    
    
   "And I thought Munster Irish was the only Irish"     ;-)
    
    "ba mhaith liom gloine leanna .. Caoimhghin"
     	
    

Yes George, my phonetics are likely to be Munster-based and I'm only
    using them for people who may have never heard the language spoken
    before.  
    
    	Dermot

RE: -.5

I would also be interested, although it would probably be difficult for me
to get up enough steam to want to drive into Boston on a weekday-evening
schedule.  (Now, Friday nights would be different...)  I'd still like to
get more info on your class, though.

To Dermot:  Thanks so much for your time and effort in the lessons you've
been sending us.  Please keep it up!  

Mary Beth

    
    
    I hear from my contacts in Galway, that Dermot is once again the
    proud father of a new baby girl ...
                                            
    
    CONGRATULATIONS DADDY  !!!

	An Triu' Ceacht 		-	Third Lesson

	Ni'l me' (kneel may)  I am not.
	===============================

	Ni'l me'	I am not.	Ni'limid	we are not.
	Ni'l tu'	you are not.	Ni'l sibh	you are not.
	Ni'l se',si'	he, she is not	Ni'l siad 	they are not.

	An bhfuil me' (on will may)  Am I?
	==================================

	An bhfuil me' 	Am I?		An bhfuilimid	Are we?
	An bhfuil tu' 	are you?	An bhfuil sibh	Are you?
	An bhfuil se',si'  is he,she?	An bhfuil siad	Are they?

	Similiarly, _An_ above can be substituted by _Nach_ (noch) 
which will give _Nach bhfuil me'_ Am I not?  Also, _Ca'_ (kaw)
gives _Ca' bhfuil me' Where am I?

In Irish there is no word corresponding to ``yes'' and ``no'' in 
English.  In answering questions we must use the form in which 
the questions are asked.  Thus, _An bhfuil me' o'g?_ (am I young)
requires the answer _Ta'_ or _Ni'l_.

[Examples later this week.]

	/Diarmaid
    Go raibh maith agat Caoimhi'n!

    
    	re: .5 & .7
    
    
    	I guess George is not going to tell us .... :-(

    Sorry for the delay - busy times here in Littleton!
    
    Irish classes in the Greater Boston area are held by various groups:
    the Cumann na Gaeilge, the Boston Center for Adult Education, Boston
    College, and Harvard University.
    
    I attend two classes a week given by the Cumann na Gaeilge.  One
    is given in Burlington MA in St. Malachy's church on Monday evenings.
    There are two classes - beginner (7-8:30) and advanced (8:30-10).
    These classes are given by John Brougham.
    
    Peggy Clougherty (of Carna) teaches the other class that I attend
    in her home (140 University St) in Brookline on Wednesday nights
    from 7:30 onwards.  Her class is more conversational Irish, as barely
    little or no English is spoken upon entering her home!
    
    There are other Cumann na Gaeilge classes given in South Boston,
    Norwood, and Dedham.  They are all informal, meet about once a week
    for about 14 weeks, cost about $50 per course, and differ in thier
    focus:  conversation, wrote, cultural.
    
    Language is the main focus of these courses, but surely not the
    only focus.  Discussions range from geography to history, politics
    to peat (turf), poetry to poitin.  Nice analogies huh?
    
    I'll put some phone numbers and addresses here when I get home.
    
    George
    
    Everyone should at least know their names in Irish so I'll add them
    also...

    
    
    	Thanks for the info ... I knew you would come through. :-)
    
    
    
    
    
    	keVin  (Caoinhin or Caoimhghin I think ??)

Most of the Ta' me', An bhfuil me'? Nach bhfuil me'? can be used 
with the following:

	Ag dul (egg dull), going	Ag ga'ire (gaw-ray), laughing
	Ag o'l (hole), drinking		Ag fa's (faws), growing
	Ag ithe (e-hey), eating		Ag scri'obh (shreeve), writing
	Ag siu'l (shuul), walking	Ag e'iri' (eye-ree), rising
	Ag rith (rih), running		Ag su'gradh (sue-grah), playing
	Ag gol (gull), crying		Ag imirt (im-ert), playing (games)
	Ag teacht (tawkt), coming	Ag obair (ow-ber), working
	Ag imeacht (im-acht), going	Ag ceol (keol), singing
	Ag ple' (play), discussing	Ag damhsa (dowsa), dancing

    
    [ I've got some vocabulary and translations to go with this lesson
      but I won't have time to put them in today]

Vocabulary:

	Baile, home		Amach, out(wards)
	Sa bhaile, at home	Amuigh, outside
	Abhaile, homewards	Go brea', fine
	Isteach, in(wards)	pictiu'ir, pictures
	Istigh, inside		Dra'ma, drama
	No', or			Fo's/go fo'ill, yet
	Siopa, shop,store	Go dti', to, towards
	Damhsa, dance		Go maith, good, well
	Ce'ili', Irish dance	Go dona, bad(ly)
	Oifig, office		Go le'ir, all

Translation:

	An bhfuil sibh ag o'l?  Ni'l, ta'imid ag ithe.  Ach ta' 
Sea'n ag o'l.  Ta' Mairi'n ag siu'l go dti' an siopa.  Ta' an 
fear sin ag siu'l freisin, ach ta' se' ag dul go dti' an oifig.
Ca' bhfuil sibh ag dul.  Nach bhfuil sibh ag dul abhaile fo's?
Ta' go maith.  Nach bhfuil sibh istigh fo's?  Ni'l, ta' siad go
le'ir amuigh anois.
    
Some phrases:
    
    
    Three(!!!) ways of saying "how are you?"
    
    Conas ta' tu'? (kunnas taw thoo) 	       Munster Irish
    Ce' chaoi bhfuil tu'? (kay hay will thoo)  Connaught Irish 
    Goide' mar ta' tu'? (gidjay mar taw thoo)  Ulster Irish    
                                              
    

Some points:

Aspiration.

	Aspiration causes a change in the sound of a letter.  It 
is indicated by the use of _h_ after the letter (in old-Irish it 
was represented by a dot over the letter).  This explains the 
very different pronunciation one gets when the _h_ is used.

e.g.
	Ma'ire (mawrey)  Mary
	
	a Mha'ire (ah vaire) Mary!  (vocative case)

	
Eclipsis.

	Eclipsis is the suppression of one letter under the 
influence of another, which is inserted before the suppressed 
letter in certain circumstances. e.g.

	An ba'd (un bawd)		the boat

    	Ar an mba'd (air un mawd)	on the boat

As you see only the eclipsing letter is pronounced.  Needless to 
say there are exceptions to the rules.  Anyway the main point is 
that you should be aware of these things.

Some belated Easter words, with an Irish flavour...


	An Cha'isc (un chaushk):		Easter
	Lile na Ca'sca (lile na kauska):	Easter Lily

	E'ri' Amach na Ca'sca (eyeree a-mock na kauska):
	Easter Rising

	Ard-Oifig an Phoist (awrd iffig in fwisht):
	General Post Office

Some useful phrases:

	Ma' se' do thoil e' (may shay do hull ay):  Please, May I

	Sla'inte (slawntche):  Good Health  (commonly used when
	drinking )
	
	Ni' thuigim (nee higim):	I don't understand  
	An dtuigeann tu' me' (un digin thoo may):  Do you understand?
	
	To'g go bog e' (thogue go bug ay):	Take it easy

[ I'm going to be out of the office for awhile, so enjoy the 
break!]
    

	An Ceathru' Ceacht 		-	The Fourth Lesson

	
An chistin (un chishtin)	the kitchen
An bo'rd   (board)		the table
An bosca   (busskeh)		the box
An gairdi'n (gardyeen)		the garden
An seomra  (showmreh)		the room
An pha'irc (fawirk)		the field
An citeal  (kittil)		the kettle
An uisce   (ishgge)		the water
An bla'th  (blaw)		the flower
An t-e'an  (tayun)		the bird

'Sa` means 'in the'.  It adds 'h` after the first letter of the 
word that follows it in most cases (Asriration in the last 
lesson).

Sa bhaile  (su wollyeh)		At home

Translation:

Ta' an bo'rd sa chistin.		(thaw un board suh chyishtin)
An bhfuil an t-e'an sa pha'irc?		(un will an tay-un sa fawirk)
Ni'l aon uisce sa chiteal.		(neel ayne ishgge suh chitil)
Ta' an bla'th sa ghairdi'n.		(thaw an blaw suh ghordyeen)
An bhfuil Ma'ire sa seomra?		(un will Maw-ireh suh showmreh)
Ni'l, ta' si' sa chistin.		(neel, thaw shee suh chyishtin)
Ta' an cat sa bhosca.			(thaw un koth suh vusskeh)
Agus ta' an biosca sa bhaile.		(oggus thaw an busskeh suh woll-yeh)

	Oi'che mhaith (eeheh woh)	Good night


Uisce, the Irish word for water, is the root of the English word Whiskey.
The Irish for whiskey is 'Uisce beatha (ishgge bah-ha), literally, the 
water of life.

    

	An Cu'igiu' Ceacht 		-	The Fifth Lesson

	
Here a number of small but very important words.  They are used 
in a very different way to their english equivalents.

	ag (egg)	at
	ar (err)	on
	as (aws)	out of
	i  (ee)		in
	le (leh)	with
	de (deh)	from
	do' (doe)	to
	o' (oh)		(away) from
	roimh  (rowivh)	before

Examples:

	Agam, at me.	Liom, with me.		Orm, on me.
	Agat, at you.	Leat, with you.		Ort, on you.
	Aige, at him.	Leis, with him.		Air, [as previous]
	Aici, at her.	Le'i, [as previous]	Uirthi
	Againn, at us.	Linn			Orainn
	Agaibh, at you. Libh			Oraibh
	Acu, at them.	Leo			Orthu


"There is" is translated by _Ta'_ 
e.g.	Ta' fear ag caint le Sea'n	A man is talking to John.

"To have" is translated by _Ta'...ag_
e.g.	Ta' peann ag Sea'n		John has a pen.

This is also used in the following phrases:

	Ta' su'il agam			I hope
	Ta' ceart agam			I am right
	Ta' a fhios agam		I know
	Ta' do'chas agam		I hope
	Ta' aithne agam air		I know him
	Ta' Gaeilge agus Be'arla agam	I know Irish and English


    

    	An Se'u' Ceacht 	-	The Sixth Lesson

	
	Dathanna (daw-hanna)	-	Colours

	Glas (gloos)	-	Green
	Dubh (duv)	-	Black
	Dearg (dyarg)	-	Red
	Ba'n (bawn)	-	White
	Gorm (gurum)	-	Blue
	Bui' (bwee)	-	Yellow
	Donn (down)	-	Brown

	Rua (roo-eh)	-	Red-haired

Use the following two as examples and then create your own ( I 
presume you've all got dictionaries by now!).

	Ca' bhfuil an leabhar bui'?
	Ta' se' sa bhosca dubh.


Translate:

	Ta' an siopa beag.
	Ta' madra agus cat ag Sea'n.
	Ni'l an aimsir go brea' inniu'.
	Ta' an tra'thno'na go dona.
	Ta' an gluaistea'n go deas.
	Ta' an buachaill agus an caili'n liom.
	Ni'l Pa'draig linn ach ta' Bri'd anseo.
	An bhfuil Se'amus istigh?
	An bhfuil an capall mo'r?
	An bhfuil ocrais oraibh?

[ English equivalents in the next lesson]


Note:  Ta' an mu'inteoir go gno'thach - The teacher is up to his ...

	I'm currently working at a customer's site and only spend 
very short periods in the office.  Therefore the regularity and 
possibly the quality of the lessons will inevitably suffer a bit.
If there is a noter who would like to take over the Irish lessons 
then please contact me by mail.  I'll continue to supply the 
lessons (albeit infrequently) until someone shows up.

Beir bua
    

    	An Seachtu' Ceacht	-	The seventh lesson

Last week's translations:

	The shop is small.
	Sean has a dog and a cat.
	The weather is not good today.
	The afternoon is bad.
	The motor car is nice.
	The boy and the girl are with me.
	Patrick is not with us but Brigid is.
	Is Seamus (James) inside?
	Is the horse big.
	Are you (ye) hungry.


	Laethanta na seachtaine		-	Days of the week

	Monday to Sunday:  An Luan,  an Mha'irt, an Che'adaoin, 
	an De'ardaoin, an Aoine, an Satharn, an Domhnach.

	
	Mi'onna na bliana		-	Months of the year

	Eana'ir, Feabhra, Ma'rta, Aibrea'n, Bealtaine, Meitheamh, 
	Iu'il, Lu'nasa, Mea'n Fo'mhair, Deireadh Fo'mhair, Samhain,
	Nollaig.

	
	Se'asu'ir na bliana		-	Seasons of the year

	An t-earrach, an samhradh, an fo'mhar, an geimhreadh.


	1 January 1973 - An che'ad la' d'Eana'ir, mi'le, naoi gce'ad,
	seachto' a tri'. (Phew!)


Beir bua
    

	An tOchtu' Ceacht	-	The eighth lesson
    

1.
	Bhi' me',	I was		Bhi'omar,	we were
	Bhi' tu',	you were	Bhi' sibh,	you were
	Bhi'se', si'	he, she was	Bhi' siad, 	they were

2.
	An raibh me'?	Was I?		An rabhamar?    [as above]
	An raibh tu'?			An raibh sibh?
	An raibh se', si'		An raibh siad?

3.
	Ni' raibh me'	I was not	Ni' rabhamar
	Ni' raibh tu'			Ni' raibh sibh
	Ni' raibh se', si'		Ni' raibh siad.

Similarly, _ca'_ and _nach_ can be used with _raibh, as follows:

	Ca' raibh tu',	Where were you?

	Nach raibh me',	Wasn't I?


sin a bhfuil/Dermot
    

	An Naou' Ceacht		-	The ninth lesson


	Mo (muh), My		A'r (orr), Our
	Do (duh), Your		Bhur (voor), Your
	A (ah), his/her		A (ah), Their


Ta' mo la'mh gortaithe (thaw muh lauv gur-tee-heh)
Ta' mo bhe'al tirim (thaw muh vay-ul tirim)
Ta' m'athair aosta (thaw mahir aos-tah)
An bhfuil d'agaidh fuar? (un will doigue foo-ur)
Nach bhfuil a ghruaig aisteach? (noch will a ghroig ashtoch)
Bhi' a uaireado'ir briste (vee a ooir-a-doeir brishte)
Ni'l a huaireado'ir uirthi (neel a hooir-a-doeir irr-heh)

Translation:

My hand is hurt.
My mouth is dry.
My father is old.
Is your face cold?
Isn't his hair strange?
His watch was broken.
She doesn't have her watch on her.


A'r gco'tai' (orr go-thee)	Our coats.
A'r dtithe (orr di-heh)		Our houses.
A'r n-ainmneacha ("nanim-nocha) Our names.
Bhur la'mha (voor lauva)	Your hands.
Bhur n-aidhmeanna ("nime-unuh)	Your aims.
A ngluaistea'in (ah ngloistawn) Their cars.

    
    
Bhi' be'ile mo'r ag Mr. Topaz an Domnhach seo caite, pla'tai' 
mo'ra caba'iste, mairteoil agus carn pra'tai' ar mias a la'r an 
bho'ird.  Is beag nar ith se' punt ime leis na pra'tai'.  Bhi' 
uachtar reoite acu mar mhilseog agus tae agus ci'ste torrthai' 
ina dhiaidh.
    

    Ca bfhuil an deicneamh ceacht?

    An Deichiu' Ceacht?  Ta' se' ag teacht!
    
    If there is public demand, I'll continue.  However I think the lessons
    have served their purpose by giving people a feel for the language
    and a fairly basic vocabulary.  People who want to take it farther
    will have to enroll in a class or correspondence course where they
    can take advantage of pronunciation etc.
                              
    I enjoyed doing it and I hope other people did as well.
    
    
    	An Deichiu' Ceacht	- 	The Tenth Lesson
    
    
    A wee poem.
    
    	Mise Raifteiri' an file
    	La'n do'chas is gra'
    	Le su'ile gan solas,
    	Le ciu'nas gan chra'.
    
    	Ag dul siar ar m'aistear 
    	Le solas mo chroi',
    	Fann agus tuirsech
    	Go deireadh mo shli'.
    
    (Maybe the Snake will give a translation and if you meet him at
    the party in the States get him to recite it!)
    
    Finally, a word on the language by that giant of a man, James Connolly,
    patriot, socialist and martyr.  (Shot to death in his wheel-chair
    by the Brits after the 1916 rising.)
    
    ''It is well to remember that nations which submit to conquest or
    races which abandon their language in favour of that of an oppressor
    do so, not because of their altruistic motives, or because of a
    love of brotherhood of man, but from a slavish and cringing spirit,
    from a spirit which cannot exist side by side with the revolutionary
    idea.``

	Irish Class Update (for Greater Boston MA area)
    
    Irish classes in the Greater Boston area are held by various groups:
    the Cumann na Gaeilge, the Boston Center for Adult Education, Boston
    College, and Harvard University, etc.  Here is a brief listing of
    some of the classes.  I'll add more as I find them.

    Cumann na Gaeilge
      Place:   St. Malachy's Church, 99 Bedford St., Burlington MA
      Teacher: John Brougham (617) 864-3182
      Time:    Monday evenings, 7-8:30 beginner, 8:30-10 intermediate
               September to December, March to June
      Texts:   Buntus Cainte and other Irish stories
    
    Cumann na Gaeilge
      Place:   140 University St., Brookline, MA
      Teacher: Peggy Clougherty (Carna)
      Time:    Wednesday evenings, 7:30-9:30 intermediate
               September to May, tea included
      Texts:   Handouts, conversational Irish stressed

    Harvard Extension Courses
      Place:   Sever Hall, room 308, Harvard Yard, Cambridge MA
      Teacher: Liom Mahan (617) 495-1206
      Time:    Thursday evenings, 5:30-7:30
               beginner in Fall, intermediate in Spring
      Texts:   Mostly handouts
    
    Language is the main focus of these courses, but surely not the
    only focus.  Discussions range from geography to history, politics
    to peat, poetry to poitin.

    I'm in the process of getting my degree right now, and since it's
    a Business Degree, I can't really apply any credits from this subject.
     But I'll have you know that I printed all of these classes to a
    file and I'm going to start (with my husband's help on pronunciation)
    on an intensive Irish course for myself and my kids.  We've taught
    them a few things -- "sit down", "thank you", "please", "give me
    your hand", "sugar", "milk", etc.  but nothing conversational. 
    This could be a lot of fun.
    
    Many, many thanks.  (I can say goodnight in Irish...but I can't
    spell it, so take it as read.)
    
    Roxanne  :-)

From:	DECEAT::DECWRL::"GAELIC-L%[email protected]" "GAELIC Language Bulletin Board" 29-JUN-1990 04:34:15.00
To:	". Darcy" <deceat::darcy>, Pat Manning <slstrn::manning>, Mike Gallagher <ilo::mgallagher>, P O'Connell <dub02::poconnell> 
CC:	
Subj:	Irish Pronunciation 

Warning: 130 lines.
 
Caoimhi/n has given some helpful info on what Irish sounds are like,
probably as much as can be done on a board like this. To go further
the only thing you can do is find a teacher or at least a tape. Good
textbooks (with tapes) are regularly mentioned on this list (of which
you can inspect back messages in the archive).
 
What might be of interest to some is how the Irish sound system works.
I will just talk about the system, not about the nature of the sounds
themselves. And remember, this is not how to go about learning Irish!
 
The first point is: look out for the letter "h". If it is at the start
of a word, that's alright - it comes at the start of a few borrowed words
(hata, halla) and the grammar prefixes it quite often to a word beginning
with a vowel. But anywhere else, you have to take the "h" and the consonant
immediately before it as a unit, denoting the "weakened" form of the
consonant.
 
Consonants - strong and weak.
 
The strong consonants of Irish are:
 
            p                   t                     c
 
            b                   d                     g
 
            m                  nn                    ng
 
                               ll
 
                               rr
 
            f                   s
 
                                h
 
These are the only consonants that can occur at the start of an isolated
Irish word. (Except: there are a few words that begin with "th" or "ch",
but that does not make them strong consonants; "ng", though strong, is
never found at the start of a word; "h" is only found at the start of a few
borrowings and as a prefix to vowels; and strong nn, ll, rr are always
spelled single at the start of a word.)
 
Apart from "ng" and "h", each strong consonant has an equivalent "weak" or
"lenited" consonant. In most cases this is written as the strong consonant
followed by "h": ph, th, ch, etc. Except for weak n, l, r, which are just
written single (so that at the start of a word you can't tell by looking
whether they are strong or weak).
 
Both strong and weak consonants can be found in the interior of a word or at
the end. But (apart from the few cases of "th" and "ch" referred to), only
strong consonants occur at the start of an isolated word.
 
Initial mutations.
 
When a word is under the influence of another in a sentence, however, the
initial letter may be mutated in one of two ways, called "lenition" (or
sometimes, aspiration) and "nasalisation" (or sometimes, eclipsis). For
example, the little word "a" has three closely related meanings:
      "a" meaning "his" lenites the following noun
      "a" meaning "their" nasalises the following noun
      "a" meaning "her" neither lenites or nasalises the following noun
 
Lenition of a initial consonant means (in writing) putting a "h" after it
(no change in writing to n, l, r, h), and leniting an initial vowel means
no change.
Thus, co/ta "a coat";     a cho/ta (his coat);
      urla/r "a floor";   a urla/r (his floor).
 
Nasalisation of an initial consonant affects only consonants in the top
two rows of the table. In writing, the original consonant is prefaced by
the consonant just below it in the table, but only the new one is sounded,
e.g. p becomes bp, t becomes dt, etc. Nasalised "d" is just written "nd"
and nasalised "g" as "ng".
"f" may also be eclipsed, by "bh", thus bhf (fits into the pattern is we
equate "f" to "ph").
Vowels have "n-" prefixed.
Thus,  a gco/ta "their coat";       a n-urla/r "their floor"
 
In these close encounters between words, where neither lenition nor
nasalisation applies, consonants are unaffected, but vowels have "h"
prefixed if the first word ends in a vowel.
Thus, a co/ta   "her coat";        a hurla/r   "her floor"
 
For completeness, there are also two (quite separate) circumstances in which
"t" may be prefixed to a word. Firstly, a word which begins with "s" and whose
second letter is a vowel or l or n or r (hope you're following this!),
if that word is lenited by a word ending in "n", the lenition takes the form
(in writing and sound) of eclipse by "t"!
Thus, an tsu/il   "the eye".
      la/n-tsa/sta  "fully satisfied"
 
And the other one. This only happens after the definite article "an". When
it accompanies a masculine noun starting with a vowel, "t-" is prefixed.
Thus, an t-athair  "the father"
 
There, in a nutshell, are the notorious "initial mutations".
 
Vowels - broad and slender.
 
Each consonant, whether strong or weak, has two slightly different ways of
being pronounced: "broad" if the nearest vowel is "a" or "o" or "u";
"slender" if the nearest vowel is "e" or "i".
 
The vowels are basically:
   long:   a/,   e/,   i/,   o/,   u/
   short:  a,    e,    i,    o,    u
   digraphs:  ua,   ia,   ao,    ae
A consonant after "ae" is broad, just to be different.
 
Take the broad vowel "a/". Put a "d" before it and an "n" after it. You get
four different words according as the consonants are broad or slender,
spelled like this:
   da/n          = a poem
   da/in         = of a poem (genitive singular)
   dea/n         = a tidal channel in sand
                                (no semantic connection with a poem!)
   dea/in        = of a tidal channel (genitive singular)
Where necessary, a "helping" vowel is inserted to indicate the broad or
slender colour of a consonant (e and i in the above).
 
It's easy to tell which vowel is the "real" one when it's long - it's the
one with the accent. But when the real vowel is short, you just have to know
it. For example, in "fear" the real vowel is "a", and the "e" is just helping
out. In "cait", the real vowel is "i" and the "a" is just helping. Actually,
with short vowels, many contexts just don't arise. You'd be hard pushed to
find a word with a short "a" between two slender consonants, for example.
 
Would-be learners not interested in linguistic structures can safely
ignore this if it doesn't appeal to them. You don't have to dissect a
language like this to learn it - native speakers certainly don't.
A computer might.
 
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Sender: GAELIC Language Bulletin Board <GAELIC-L%[email protected]>
From: C O/ DUIBHI/N <ADIE1643%[email protected]>
Subject:      Irish Pronunciation
To: ". Darcy" <deceat::darcy>, Pat Manning <slstrn::manning>,
        Mike Gallagher <ilo::mgallagher>, P O'Connell <dub02::poconnell>

 ------- Forwarded mail received on 21-Sep-1992 at 14:41:44 -------

From:	VBORMC::"GAELIC-L%[email protected]" 
	"GAELIC Language Bulletin Board"
To:	Multiple recipients of <GAELIC-L%[email protected]>
Subj:	Nuacht AERTEL 92 09 20


                           Nuacht AERTEL 20 9 1992



                                  MAASTRICHT
                                  ==========
Cuireadh t�s ar maidin inniu leis an v�tail ar reifreann Mhaastricht na
Fraince.

N�or foils�odh aon phobal bhreitheanna le seachtain anuas maidir le c�n
chaoi a raibh luch v�tala na tire chun v�ta a chaitheamh.

Ach d�r le suirbh�anna pr�omh�ideach,  cheaptear go nglacfar leis an
gconradh.

                               CURSA� AIRGIDIS
                               ================

Casfidh air� airgidis an Chomh Phobail Eorpaigh le ch�ile i Washington nuair
a bh�as toradh an reifreann ar f�il.

T� air� airgidis on seacht m�r th�r tionscl�ochta ag fanacht ar thoradh
an reifreann le go gcuiridis molta� le ch�ile chun deaileail leis an ng�ar
ch�im airgidis ar na malart�in idirnaisi�nta.

                                Airtgal 2 & 3
                                =============

Tuairisc�tear go bhfuil s� tugtha le fios ag an Rialtas go mbeid�s s�sta
pl� do saigheas eigin a dh�anamh ar Airtgal 2 & 3 do Bhunracht na h-�ireann
sula gcr�ochna�onn na caiteanna ar a bhfuil in nd�n don tuisceart.

D�r le tuairisc sa Sunday Tribune inniu thug an t-Aire Grotha� Eachtracha,
Daith� Mhic Aindri� le fios ag cainteanna na h-Aoine go mbeidir go mbeadh
Reifreann againn sa t� seo ar Airtgal 2 & 3


'---------------------------------------------------------------
Gabh mo leath sc�al n� fuil focl�ir na aistri� le seo.
< Sorry there is no vocab or translation with this message.

[email protected]

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% From: "Se�n Mac Suibhne" <[email protected]>
% Subject:      Nuacht AERTEL 92 09 20
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% To: Multiple recipients of <GAELIC-L%[email protected]>

A short Irish wordlist which some may find handy


 ------- Forwarded mail received on 23-Sep-1992 at 15:35:54 -------

From:	VBORMC::"GAELIC-L%[email protected]" 
	"GAELIC Language Bulletin Board"
To:	Multiple recipients of <GAELIC-L%[email protected]>
Subj:	Bun-Gaeilge: Reading 9 Vocabulary



A Chairde,

    For reading # 9 (of which there will be three parts), I have prepared a
separate vocabulary, which I am including with this message.

M�che�l

Vocabulary for Elementary IG Reading #9,  Gada� Dubh � Dubh�in

a - relative pronoun - who, that
a - possessive pronoun - his, her, their
a - (+ asp.) vocative particle
a - (prep. + asp., used with verbal noun)
abhaile - (adv) home
abhainn - (f) river
ach - but
acu - ag + iad
abhar - (m) cause, reason; material
ag - at
againn - ag + sinn
agam - ag + m�
agat - ag + t�
agus - and
aice - ag + s�
aige - ag + s�
amhras - (m) error, doubt
air - ar + s�
airgead - (m) silver; money
ais  - ar a n-ais - back
�it - (f) place
�iti� - (m) place, habitation; occupation
alla - (a) wild; madra alla - wolf
am - (m) time
amach - out
amarach - (adv) tomorrow
an - the
anam - (m) soul
ann - i + s�; there
anseo - here
ansin - in that, then, there, thereupon
anois - now
anr� - (m) misfortune, bad luck
anuas - (adv) down
aon - one, a
ar - on, upon
ar�s - again
ar - says (also ars, arsa)
�rus - (m) dwelling, abode
as - out of, from
athair - (m) father
athraigh - to change, alter
'b - shortened form of ba, past tense of copula
ba - past tense of copula, is
baile - (m) town; home
bain - to cut; to strike; to take; with le - to touch, meddle with
bainais - (g. bainse) wedding
baint - vn. of bain; relationship
baist - to baptize, immerse
balla - (m) wall
banbh - (m) young pig
banr�on - (f) queen
baol - (m) danger
b�rr - (m) top; crop
barra - (m) bar
b�s - (m) death
beadh - 3rd sing. cond. of t�im - would be
bealach - (m) way, road
bean - (f., g. mn�, pl. mn�) woman
bean ph�sta - (a) married woman
bean t� - (f) house wife
beannaigh - to bless
beart - (m) action, deed, trick
beatha - (f) life; 'S� do bheatha - you're welcome
beidh - fut. of t�im - will be
beimis - 1st per. pl. cond. of t�im - would be
b�ile - (f) meal
beirt - (f) two people, a pair
beith - vn. of t�im - to be
beo - (a) alive
bh� - past of t�im - was
bhur - your (pl.)
bia - (m) food
b�odh - 3rd sing. imperative of t�im
big - gen. of beag
bith - (m) world, life; ar bith (with neg.) at all
bliain - (m) year
bolta - (m., pl bolta�) bolt, bar (of a door)
bonn - (m) base, foundation
borbach - (a) fierce
bord - (m) table
br�agach - (a) false, lying
bre� - (a) fine
breith - (f) judgment, decision
br� - (f) power, strength, force; significance
briongl�id - (f) dream
bris - to break
briseadh - vn. of bris
briste - (a) broken
br�g - (f) shoe
br�n - (m) sorrow
bronntanas - (m) gift
bua - (f) victory
buail - to strike; to knock (at a door); (amach) - to strike out, proceed
c� - where
cad - what
c�il - (f) reputation
caill - to lose, spend; passive - to be lost i.e. to die
caillte - (a) lost, spent
cairde - pl. of cara - friends
caisle�n - (m) castle
caith - use; to throw; must (more common in fut.)
caitheamh - vn. of caith
caithidh - must
caite - (a) used, worn out
caoin - to weep, keen
caoineadh - vn. of caoin - to keen
capall - (m) horse
cara - (m, g. carad, pl. caraide) friend
c�rta - (m) card
cas - to twist, turn; to meet (with do); (passive) casadh � - he met
casadh - vn. of cas
cathaoir - (f) seat, throne
c�ad - one hundred
c�ad - first
c�anna - (a) same
ceap - to resolve, decide, think
c�ard - what
ceart - (a) right
c�ile - (m) fellow, companion; le ch�ile - together
ceol - (m) music; singing
ch�mh - as
chonnaic - past of feic - saw
chuaigh - past of t�igh - went
chuala - past of clois - heard
chun - to, towards
c� - who, what
ciall - (f) sense
cionn - os cionn - above
cla�omh - (m) sword
cl�irseach - (f) harp
cleachtach - (a) customary
cloch - (f) stone
clog - (m) bell; clock
clois - to hear
cloiste�il - (m) hearing
cluiche - (m., pl. cluichthe) game
codladh - (m) sleeping
coileach - (m) cock
coill - (f) a wood, a grove
coim�ad - (m) act of watching
coimhth�och - (a) strange, foreign
coinnigh - to keep, preserve, maintain
c�ir - (a) right, honest
coirce - (m) oats
coirn�al - (m) corner
coisc�im - (m & f) footstep
cois�ocht - (f) act of going on foot
comhairle - (f) advice, counsel
comhl�on - to fulfill, finish, fill up; carry out, perform
c�mhluadar - (m) company, committee
c�na� - vn. of c�naigh - to live; i gc�na� - always
compord - (m) comfort
contr�lach - (a) contrary, cranky
corp - (m) body; i gcorp an lae - in the middle of the day
corr� - (m) shaking, stirring; corr� na h-o�che - changing of the
            night i.e. midnight
cos - (f) leg; foot
cos�il - (a) like, similar
costas - (m) cost
cr�ite - (a) tormenting, heartbreaking, grievious, miserable
craith - to shake
crann - (m) tree
creach - (f) robbing, plundering; mo chreach! - woe is me!
creid - to believe
cro� - (m) heart
crusta - (a) cross, peevish
cruth� - (m) creating; proof
cuart� - (m) searching
cuid - (m., g. coda) share; livelihood
c�ig - five
cuimhne - (f) recollection, memory
cuimhnigh - to remember
cuir - to put
cuireadh - (m) invitation
c�pla - (m) couple, pair, twins
cur - vn. of cuir - to put
d� - do or de + a (possesive or relative)
d� - two
d� - if
dabhach - (f) vat
dom - do + m�
dom-sa - do + mise
daoibh - do + sibh
daoine - pl of duine
dara - (a) second
de - of, from
de - de + s�
deachaidh - past dep. of t�igh - he went
d�anamh -  vn. of dein - to do
d�anta - p.p. of dein - done
deara - (m) notice, attention; thug s� f� ndeara - he noticed
dearg - (a) red
dearg - to redden; to kindle, light
dearna - past of dein - did, made
deas - (a) pretty
deas - (f) right hand;  taobh deas - right side
deifreach - (a) quick; go deifreach - in a hurry
deimhin - go deimhin - certainly
dein - do make, do; dein ar - to approach
deir -  he says
deir - to say
deireadh - (m) end
deise - f. of deasa
deo - (f) end, last; go deo - forever
deoch - (f., g. d�) drink
deor - (m., pl. deora) tear
di - do or de + s�
Dia - (m) God
diaidh - i ndiaidh - after, behind; ina dhiaidh sin - after that
d�beo - (a) barely alive
d�le - (f., g. d�leann) flood
dinn�ir - (m) dinner
d�ot - de + t�
do - to
d� - do + s�
d� dh�ag - twelve
d�dh�anta - (a) impossible
d�ibh - do + siad
d�igh - (f) supposition; is d�igh liom - I suppose
d�l�s - (m) misfortune
domhan - (m) world
doras - (m) door
dra�ocht - (f) sorcery, enchantment, magic
droch-ghn�omh - (f) evil deed
druidint - (f) moving, approaching, closing
druim - (m) back
dt� - go dt� - to, towards (w. nom)
dubh - (a) black
Dubh�in - place name
d�irt - past of deir - he said
d�il - (f) desire
duine - (m) person
duit - do + t�
dul - vn. of t�igh - to go
� - acc. of s�
each - (m) horse
�adach - (m) cloth; pl. �adaigh - clothes
�agmais - (f) want, need
easgaine - (m) cursing
�igean - (f)  necessity; b'�igean do - he had to
eile - other, another
�ireodh - d� �ireodh liom - if I should succeed
�irigh - to rise; with le of person - to succeed
�is - tar �is - after
�isteacht - (f) hearing
f�bharach - (a) favorable
fada - (a) long
f�g - to leave, depart
faigh -  to get, find
f�il - vn. faigh - to get, find; ar f�il - to be found
f�ltas - (m) income, means, property
faide - comp. of fada
faighe - subjunctive of faigh
faigheadh - dep. cond. of faigh - would get/find
faighidh - dep. fut. of faigh - will get/find
f�inne - (f) ring
fairsing - (a) wide, broad
fait�os - (m) fear
f�nacht - (f) stopping, remaining, waiting
faoi -  under
f�s - (m) growing
fathach - (m) giant
f�ach - to see, look at; to try
f�achaint - vn. of f�ach
f�ad - to be able
fear - (m) man
fearr-is-b�rr - indeclinable noun - the very best
fearrde - (a) the better
feicfeadh - cond. of feicim - would see
f�idir - it is possible
f�in - self; mar sin f�in - even so
feoil - (f., g. feola) meat
fiafraigh - to ask (a question)
fill - to fold, turn; to return (to - ar, from �)
fiochadh - (m) boiling
fiochta - (a) boiled
f�orfholamh - (a) really empty
f�oruisce - (m) spring water
fios - (m., g. feasa) knowledge
foghlaim - (f) learning, studying, instruction
fogas - (a) near, close; i bhfogas - near
foigse - comp. of fogas - nearer; �a bhfoigse - within
foirgneamh - (m) building
folach - (m) covering, concealment; dul i bhfoloch - to hide
formh�ch - to smother, suffocate
fuacht - (f) cold, numbness; chill
fuair - past of faigh - found
fuil - dep. pres. of t� - is
fulaing - (f) suffering
fulaing - to suffer, bear, endure
f�m - f� + m�
'g� - ag + a (possessive pronoun)
g�bh - (m) distress, danger; adventure
gach - (a) each, every
gada� - (m) thief
gaisce - (m) hero, champion; feat
gan - without
gaol - (m., pl gaolta) relation
gar - (a) near
garbh-l�idir - (a) fierce
g�rda - (m) guard
gasta - (a) quick, rapid
g�ag�n - (m) small branch, twig
geani�il - (a) friendly, good natured
gearr - (a) short; near; soon
gearr - to cut
gearradh - vn. of gearr
geis - (f., g. geise, pl. geasa) a "geas", a magical injunction the
       infringement of which led to misfortune or even death
glac - to take, accept, reveive
glanGaeilge - (f) pure Gaelic
glaoigh - to call
gleann - (f) valley
gl�asta - (a) dressed
gl�ir - (f) glory
gn�omh - (f) deed, act
go - to; forms adverbs when added to adjectives
go - (conj. eclipsing) that
goid - to steal, take away
goirre - (comp. adj. of gar) nearer
gualainn - (f) shoulder
gur - (conj) past of go - that
gurb - (conj) past of go + is - that was
� - acc. of s� - her
i - in
iad - acc. of siad - them
iarainn - (m) iron
iarr - to ask; to attempt, try
iarraidh - vn. of iarr
idir - between
imeacht - vn. of imthigh - to go away
imirt - vn. of imir - to play
in - variant of i - in
ina - i + a (possessive or relative)
inar - i + ar (past indirect relative) - in which
inis - to tell
iniste - p.p. of inis - told
ins - form of i before def. art.
inseof� - fut. 2nd. sing. of inis - will tell
inseoidh - fut. 3rd. sing of inis - will tell
inti - i + s�; bh� inti - she was
iomaire - (f) ridge
iompaigh - to turn
iontach - (a) wonderful, extraordinary
is - copula "is"
isteach - inside
l� (g.lae)  - day
labhair - to speak
l�mh (g. l�imh, pl. l�imhe) - hand
l�n - (m) fill
l�n - (a) full
le - with
leaba - (f., g. leapa) - bed; i leaba - instead of
leag - to throw down, overturn; to lay down
lean - to follow
l�an - (m) sorrow, grief
leanbh - (m., g. linbh) child
l�ann - (m) reading, learning
leasmh�thair - (f) step-mother
leat - le + t�
leathsh�il - (a) one-eyed
leatrom - (m) oppression, affliction
leis - le + s�; form of le before def art; (adv.) also
l�i - le + s�
leo - le + siad
leor - go leor - enough
libh - le + sibh
lig - to permit, let, allow
linn - le + sinn
liom - le _ m�
locht - (m) fault, crime
luas - (m) swiftness, power of movement
m� - if
mac - (m) son
madra - (m., pl. madra�) dog; madra alla - wolf
maide - (m) stick
maidin - (m) morning
mail�s - (f) malice, ill-will
maith - (a) good
maitheamhnas - (m) forgiveness
maith - to forgive (do - a person)
m�la - (m) bag, sack
malrach - (m., g. malra�, pl. malraigh) boy, youngster
maoin - (f) means
mar - as; mar sin f�in - even so
m�rach - (m) tomorrow; l� ar na mh�rach
marbh - (a) dead
m�s - m� + is - if it is
m�thair - (f) mother
m� - I, me
m�ad - (m) amount, size, number
me�n - (m) middle
me�no�che - midnight
mealladh - (m) coaxing, deceiving
m�ar - (m) finger; toe
meas - (f) respect, regard, esteem
mianach - (m) desire
mianach - (a) desirous, greedy
m�le - (m., pl. m�lte) thousand; mile
minic - often
mise - emphatic form of m�
misneach - (f) courage
mn� - gen. and pl of bean - woman
mo - my
moch - (a) early
m�ide - m� + de - n� m�ide - it is not likely that...
moill - (f) delay
m�imint - (m) moment
m�r - (a) big, large
m�r-m�r - (adv) especially
m�r�n - (m) much
muc - (f) pig
muileann - (m) a mill
Muire - Mary, mother of Christ
muise - indeed!  Short for m� 'seadh - if it be so, well
mura - (conj) unless, if not
n-a - i + a - in his, in her, in its, in their; in whom, in which, in what
n� - than; nor
na - f. g. sing, and pl. (all cases and genders) def art
nach - which is not; is not?
n�r - that not, which not (with negative)
neach - aon neach - anyone
n� - not
n�l - n� + fuil
n�os - not (with copula)
n� - or
n�im�ad - (m) minute
n�s - (m) custom, habit; ar nos go - so that
nuair - when
� - of, from; since, because
� - Oh
och - ah!, alas
�g - (a) young
o�che - (f) night
�ir - (conj) for, since, because
�ir - g. sing. of �r - gold
oiread - (f) much, many
�l - (m) drinking
�r - gold
oraibh - ar + sibh
orainn - ar + sinn
orainne - emphatic ar + sinn
ord�g - (f) thumb; big toe
ordaigh - to order, command
orm - ar + m�
ort - ar + t�
orthu - ar + siad
os - os cionn - above, over
oscail - to open
oscail - vn. of oscail
oscailte - p.p. of oscail - opened
�sta - teach �sta - inn
p�irc - (f) field
p�iste - (m) child
pian - (m) pain
p�opa - (m) pipe
pl�asc - to crack, burst, break
p�g - (f) kiss
p�s - to marry
p�sta - p.p. of p�s - married
prionsa - (m) prince
punann - (f) sheaf
raibh - dep. past and cond. of t�
rachaidh - fut. of t�igh - to go
rachadh - cond. of t�igh - would go
r� - vn. of deir - to say
r�ab - to tear, pull asunder
r�itigh - to adjust, arrange; to clean
r�iti� - vn. of r�itigh
ridire - (m) knight
r� -  (m) king
riamh - ever
rinne - past of dein - did, made
r�ocht - (f) kingdom
rob�il - (f) robbing, robbery
r�gaire - (m) rogue
roimh - in front of, before
roimhe - roimh + s�
roinnt - (f) part, share, division; a number, some
romhaibh - roimh + sibh
rugas - past of beir - to bear (with ar of object; rugadh - were born
sa - i + an - in the
sabh�il - to save, rescue
saibhir - (a) rich
saibhreas - (m) riches
s�l - (f) heel
saol - (m) world, life
saolta - (a) worldly
s�sta - (a) satisfied
s�saigh - to satisfy, please
scaitheamh - (m) a while
scanraigh - to frighten, startle; be afraid
sc�al (m) story
sciob�l - (m) barn
sc�th - (f) pause, rest
scl�bha�ocht - (f) slavery, hard work, manual labor
screadadh - (m) wringing of the hands, being in agony
s� - he
's� - is �
seabhac - (m) hawk, falcon
seacht - seven
seanfhear - old man
seanbhean - old woman
seansc�al - old story
seas - to stand
seasamh - vn. of seasaim - to stand
seinm - vn. of seinn
seinn - to sing
seirbh�s - (f) service, work; profit, advantage
seisean - emphatic form of s� - he
seo - that
seomra - (m) room
s� - she
sise - emphatic form o s�
siad - they
sibh - you (pl.)
sil�ar - (m) cellar
s�l - to think; to try
sin - this
sine - comp. of sean - older
s�n - to stretch
s�neadh - vn. of s�n
sinsear - (m) senior, elder; ancestor
s�nte - (a) stretched
s�or- - (a) continual
s�os - down
si�il - to walk, travel
si�l - vn. of si�il
sl�n - (a) safe, sound; f�gaim sl�n ag - say goodbye to
sl�n� - (m) curing, salvation
sl�naigh - to cure, heal, save, complete
sl� - (f) way; means
sliocht - (m) offspring
slog - to swallow; sink
smaoineamh - (m) imagining, thinking; pl. smaointe - thoughts
socruithe - (a) settled, fixed
soicind (m) - second
soir - east
soitheach - (m) vessel
solas - (m) light
s�l�s - (m) solace, comfort
sol�thar - (m) provision; act of providing, provisioning
s�rt - (m) sort, description
sp�s - (m) space (of time)
sp�ir - (f) sky
spuaice - (f) spire
stad - (m) step; halt
st�isi�n (m) station, rank
strains�ara� - (m) stranger
str�ic - to strike, tear; writhe
suaimhneas - (m) rest, quiet
suas - up
suigh - to sit
su� - vn. of suigh - to sit
s�il - (f) expectation
s�il - (f. g. s�l) eye
suimi�il - (a) interesting
suip�ar - (m) supper
sula - (conj.) before
t� - to be
tabhair - dep. form of tug - to give
tabharfaidh - fut. of tug - will give, will bring
tabhairt - (f) giving, granting; bringing
tabharfadh - cond. of tug - would give
tag - to come
taispe�in - to show
talamh (m & f., g. tal�n or talamh) land, ground
taobh - (m) side
taobh istigh - inside
tapa - (a) quick
tar �is - after, behind (with gen.)
tarraing - to pull, draw
teach - (m., g. t�) house
teacht - vn. of tag - to come
teallach - (f) hearth
teampall - (m) church, temple
th�inig - past of tag - he came
tharla - past of tarlaigh - to happen
th� - acc. of t�
timpeall - around (with gen.)
tinneas - (m) sickness, pain
tiocfadh - cond. of tag - to come
tiocfaidh - fut. of tag - to come
tiocfas - fut. rel. of tag - who will come
tiom�in - to drive, chase; to urge; with leat - carry on
t�r - (f) - country, land
tit - to fall
tobann - (a) sudden, rapid
t�g - to rear, raise up; t�geadh - was raised
togha - (m) choice, selection
tosaigh - to begin
tr�th - (m) time
treas - (a) third
tr� - through
tr� - three
triobl�id - (f) trouble
tr� - (a) third
trom - (a) heavy
trom-chodladh - (m) heavy sleep
tr�a - (f) pity
t� - you (sing.)
tug -  to give
tu� - (f.) straw
tuig - to understand
tuirling - to descend
tuirse - (f) weariness
tuirseach - (a) tired, weary
t�s - (m) beginning; ar dt�s - in the beginning
tusa - emphatic form of t� - you (sing.)
uachtar - (m) top
uaidh - � + s�
uaigneach - (a) lonely
uaim - � + m�
uair - (f) hour, time
uasal - (a) noble
uait - � + t�
uaithi - � + s�
uathu - � + siad
uacht - (f) will, testament
uile - (a) all, whole; gach uile - every; go h-uile - entirely, wholly
uirthi - ar + s�
�r - (a) fresh


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% Sender: GAELIC Language Bulletin Board <GAELIC-L%[email protected]>
% From: "Michael D. Rhodes" <[email protected]>
% Subject:      Bun-Gaeilge: Reading 9 Vocabulary
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% To: Multiple recipients of <GAELIC-L%[email protected]>

This may be of interest to readers in the Limerick area:

 ------- Forwarded mail received on 16-Oct-1992 at 14:58:57 -------

From:	VBORMC::"GAELIC-L%[email protected]" 
	"GAELIC Language Bulletin Board"
To:	Multiple Recipients of <GAELIC-L%[email protected]>
Subj:	Conference on Irish in Computing


    Mar eolas do sh�nti�s�ir� Gaelic-L:

    Attention all Gaelic-L subscribers!


    Coiste na Gaeilge in the University of Limerick is organising a
    1-day conference on "The Irish  Language in Computing and
    Information Systems" in Limerick next Friday, 23 October from
    9.30 a.m. to 4.00 p.m. The speakers and topics are:

    Patrick Mulreany (Nevada, US):
    "A Dictionary Data Structure for Irish"

    Cathair � Dochartaigh (Bangor, Wales) (no relation!):
    "Software for Irish Grammar"

    Marion Gunn (UCD) (whom you all know!):
    "Gaelic-L: The Global Gaeltacht"

    Ciar�n � Duibh�n (QUB):
    "A Modern Irish Text Database"

    Gear�id � N/eill (UL):
    "Some Undergraduate Projects in the University of Limerick"

    It is also possible that Mr Edward Rea, a member of Bordd yr
    Iaith Gymraeg/The Welsh Language Board, and chairman of its
    computing committee will also give a presentation on recent
    developments in Welsh and computing.

    Gaelic-L subscribers are welcome to attend. Contact me for
    further information. Bheadh f�ilte romhat. T� muid ag s�il
    go mbeidh an-chomhdh�il againn.


Liam � Dochartaigh, R�na�, Coiste na Gaeilge, Ollscoil Luimnigh
F�n: -353-61-333644 Fol�ne: 2322 N� 2424  Faics: -353-61-330316
[email protected]@ULGATE@GAMMA



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% Received: by vbormc.vbo.dec.com; id AA15671; Fri, 16 Oct 92 14:54:13 +0100
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% Date:         Fri, 16 Oct 92 14:04:00 GMT
% Reply-To: GAELIC Language Bulletin Board <GAELIC-L%[email protected]>
% Sender: GAELIC Language Bulletin Board <GAELIC-L%[email protected]>
% From: Liam O'Dochartaigh 333644 <[email protected]>
% Subject:      Conference on Irish in Computing
% X-To:         [email protected]
% To: Multiple Recipients of <GAELIC-L%[email protected]>